Rabbi Shai Held is the President and Dean at the Hadar Institute in New York City. He earned his AB in Religion from Harvard University, his MA in Jewish Philosophy at the Jewish Theological Seminary, and his PhD in Religious Studies from Harvard University. He is the author of Abraham Joshua Heschel: The Call of Transcendence (Indiana University Press, 2013), The Heart of the Torah volumes one and two (Jewish Publication Society, 2017), and Judaism is About Love (Picador, 2024).

I have again had an unexpected hiatus, and I won’t bore you with promises of upcoming consistency. I plan on two more episodes coming out in 2024, but what I plan on and what actually comes out ain’t ever exactly been similar.

Dr. Elissa Cutter is an Assistant Professor of Religious Studies and Theology at Georgian Court University in Lakewood, NJ. She earned her BA in French and Theology at Georgetown University, her MA in Theology from the Dominican School of Philosophy and Theology, and her PhD in Theological Studies from Saint Louis University. Her research focuses on Mother Angelique Arnauld, the 17th century abbess and reformer at the convent of Port-Royal, as well as the wider Jansenist movement in France. She is also an editor at Women In Theology.

I apologize that I didn’t have this episode out last month, but I was beset by illness that I’ve only recently come out of. I’m planning to release three episodes over the next two months to make up for the gap, so look forward to those.

You can also see the full transcript for this episode below.

Thanks as always to Matt Hines of the band Eastern Sea for providing the music for the Daily Theology Podcast.

Transcript of Episode #52 - Elissa Cutter

[Opening Music]

Stephen Okey: Welcome to the Daily Theology Podcast, a podcast on the craft and vocation of theology.

I'm your host, Stephen Okey.

In today's episode, I talk with Elissa Cutter of Georgian Court University in Lakewood, New Jersey. I first met Elissa when we were undergrads at Georgetown University in Father Walsh's Hebrew Scriptures seminar.

In this conversation, we talk about her early interest in politics stemming, from growing up in a political family; her experience studying theology in France after the 9/11 attacks; and her work on feminist historical theology.

I apologize that I didn't have this episode out last month, but I was beset by illness that I am still coming out of, which you can perhaps hear in my voice. I'm planning to release three episodes over the next two months to make up for the gap. So look forward to those.

I hope you enjoy the episode and thank you for listening.

[Music Transition]

Stephen Okey: Today for the Daily Theology Podcast, I'm talking with my friend, Elissa Cutter, from Georgian Court University in New Jersey. Elissa, thank you for being here.

Elissa Cutter: Yeah. Thank you so much for inviting me.

Stephen Okey: I like to begin by asking, how did you get into studying theology?

Elissa Cutter: Yeah, thank you. Gosh, I feel like my story is, is very convoluted. And it is, you know, like so many others it was not my intention to study theology initially. I think I should start with a little bit of background, which is that my family was actually very involved in politics in Massachusetts.

So, the closest person to me in this, as a kind of role model in this was my grandfather, and he had been Attorney General of Massachusetts, and he also ran against Ted Kennedy for the Democratic nomination for Senate.

Stephen Okey: Wow.

Elissa Cutter: And lost.

Stephen Okey: Yeah, yeah, I figured.

Elissa Cutter: Um, but that, that was actually a big thing, like, in the debate, he, there was this line, and I, I'm probably going to misquote it, but he basically said to him, if your name were Edward Moore instead of Edward Moore Kennedy, your candidacy would be a joke.

And, yeah, so people felt bad for Kennedy, apparently. And, so, yeah, my grandfather lost. But it, so he wasn't just, I should note, my grandfather was also running a little bit on his name as well. His, um, uncle at the time was Speaker of the House of Representatives. So, like my family had been involved in politics for a while in Massachusetts.

Stephen Okey: And these were the McCormacks?

Elissa Cutter: Yes, these are the McCormacks. John W. McCormacks was Speaker of the House under Kennedy. And my grandfather's name was Edward. And I basically decided that I, I wanted to be the first female senator from Massachusetts. So shout out to Elizabeth Warren, who was the first female senator from Massachusetts.

Um, but that was what I wanted to do, and so I decided to go to Georgetown. I wanted to be in DC, and I also went in as a French major because I was interested in kind of international stuff and I had been studying French for so long and I wanted to keep doing that, so those are, that's kind of the background.

The very first semester I was at Georgetown, I was taking, the United States political systems class, which was the required class for the government major. And at the same time taking the kind of gen ed requirement of Problem of God, with, Father King. And the U.S. Political systems class, just bored me out of my mind.

I very quickly decided that that was not going to be my path. And at the same time, I was so fascinated by, by Father King's class and the ideas that he was putting out in front of us. And I, I just, I wanted more of that. So initially I decided to do a theology minor along with my French major. But what happened was I, as a French major was planning to go abroad in my junior year, and one of the things that French major or language majors at Georgetown have to do is you have to reach a certain level in a second language as well.

So I had been taking Brazilian Portuguese, because why not? And when I went to discuss studying abroad with my advisor, they basically said, Don't take language while you're abroad. So I had taken my sophomore year, I had done a year of Brazilian Portuguese. They were like, don't take language while you're abroad because, First of all, it's going to be the wrong kind of Portuguese.

You're going to be doing Portugal Portuguese in France, and you don't want to be doing that. It'll kind of mess you up, but also, it'll be, you know, extra hard to take another language through, you know, something that's already a second language. Except that in order to graduate, I would have to pick up exactly where I left off when I came back.

So, I was kind of freaking out with my roommates, like, I'm not going to be able to graduate because there's no way that I can do this, this is totally unreasonable of them. And one of my roommates said, why don't you just do a theology major? So, like, quite literally, this was like super practical considerations that actually made me a theology major.

Stephen Okey: I don't hear that very often.

Elissa Cutter: But I remember that moment though, weirdly enough, like she said that, and I just kind of like stopped my rant in the middle of our apartment. And it was like, yeah, like that makes sense. So I do feel like in some ways there was this like, providential hand guiding me along the way, and, you know, leading me to make all of these decisions.

So, anyway, I ended up not going abroad for a whole year, as you know, because we were in classes together, because of 9/11. So I was actually originally supposed to fly out of Boston to go to France, like the Friday after 9/11, and at the time, the Boston airport was not going to be open, and it was not sure when it was going to be open, so there was no sense of, like, when I would actually be able to get to France.

Stephen Okey: I mean, I think people forget that, like, all airspace was shut down for, like, four days after 9/11, and then, I mean, in D. C., it was several weeks, because I, I remember being on the lawn in front of Healy the first time we saw a plane fly over after 9/11, and you just saw everybody just stop and look, at what had previously been a very normal occurrence, like, you just learned to stop conversing with people when the planes flew over.

Elissa Cutter: I know it was, it was such a wild experience. So Georgetown gave us the option of either waiting and going abroad whenever we could get there or coming back to campus. And I actually opted to come back to campus and then just go abroad for the spring semester.

So, I mean, that was a, that was a huge effect, but I ended up coming back and taking a bunch of, you know, theology classes, which I think I was in with all of them with you at that time, and then I went abroad to France and in France as well I was also mostly taking theology classes.

So there's actually an interesting thing I should add in here. So I was studying in Strasbourg, which is the only public university in France, which has a faculty of theology. The reason is that when France got rid of theology in all of their universities, Strasbourg was part of Germany, so, uh, you know, all of that weird history and back and forth of that area between Germany and France, it's now French, but, they still have a faculty of Catholic theology and a faculty of Protestant theology there.

Stephen Okey: What was it like studying theology in France? I mean, even in Strasbourg, like, I imagine there was still some amount of, you know, the sense of laïcité and religious resistance and so forth.

Elissa Cutter: Yeah, I mean I had classes with monks and nuns at the time, you know. So I had an ethics class that I took there, a class in the history of the liturgy, which was very hard to do through another language, I will say. Actually the class that inspired me most and this one's kind of interesting because it's what really led me on my path was not one of my theology classes, but I took a class in 16th and 17th century French literature. And in that class it was three hours every week, and the first hour was lecture, and then the second and third hours were like discussion section.

And in the discussion section, we read Pascal's Pensées. And that was the only book that we read the whole semester. And, but here's, I know, but here's the interesting thing about that. So. It wasn't so much what kind of the teacher was teaching us about how to read the Pensées, but what I had learned about how to interpret texts from our Old Testament professor, Father Walsh.

So he was super into language and like word choice and analyzing the meaning of words and I applied that to the Pensées and it just like opened it up for me. And I got really, really into that. And then basically when I came back from studying abroad, you know, I had had this experience of kind of only doing theology or practically only doing theology.

And I was like, this is what I want to do all of a sudden. I just like the light went on and I decided, no, I don't want to do whatever else I had envisioned myself doing at that point. I don't even remember

Stephen Okey: You had by this point long given up being the first female Senator from Massachusetts. Yeah.

Elissa Cutter: Yeah. So I didn't want to go into politics anymore.

I mean, this was also like, after, you know, the 2000 election. And I remember waiting up with people in Leavey watching the election results all night because it didn't end. So yeah, it was definitely a disillusionment point at some point in that whole process.

But yeah, I, and then I went on and now I, I grew through Pascal, but weird other twists and turns that I don't need to go into necessarily. Now I study Jansenism and the Port Royal nuns, so.

Stephen Okey: So beyond the lights coming on moment of encountering Pascal, what was it that made you, as someone coming out of, you know, a Jesuit University, and eventually, I mean, you went to St. Louis University for your doctorate program, also a Jesuit school, what was it that drew you to studying the Jansenists?

Elissa Cutter: Well, it was definitely Pascal. I mean, that was the initial, the initial impetus. You know, it's, it's hard to remember, because I did my master's thesis on Antoine Arnault's early writings. And I, I don't entirely remember how I got onto that specific topic. I do remember reading, this is going to be a weird thing, but I, I read Dale Van Kley's book on the religious origins of the French Revolution.

And there is this footnote that I've since pointed out to people that just really bothered me. And it's, it's funny cause it's just a footnote. But when he's discussing, some of the 18th century ideas, and he's saying that these ideas are Jansenist ideas, and there's this footnote that basically says, these may be more Gallican ideas than Jansenist, but at the time, Jansenism had been so radicalized that it's the same thing, or something like that.

And I was like, no, it's not, those are two different things that were both present in France. But they're not the same. So you can't point to Gallican ideas. So I feel like I should explain what Gallicanism, okay. Yeah.

Stephen Okey: And Jansenism for that matter.

Elissa Cutter: Yeah. Okay. Well, so Gallicanism is this like particular view of the church in France, especially in early modern France, but kind of throughout French history, where it's not the Pope, it's the French Church that's in charge of the French Church. And there's different types of this, depending on who exactly you think has that responsibility, whether it would have been the king, the parliament, the bishops, there was also kind of a theological version of this as well, but that's basically the idea of Gallicanism.

Jansenism is a little bit also more complicated, and I think that there's two things to distinguish. Which is, the movement and the theology. In terms of Jansenism, I define Jansenism according to basically three to five characteristics. I think I'm landing on five right now.

 These are, first, an Augustinian theology of grace.

Second, a rigorist view of the sacraments, so especially in terms of kind of confession and being truly sorry for your sins and before you can take the Eucharist, so kind of abstaining from the Eucharist, because of that.

And then conflict between the Jesuits and the Jansenists.

Stephen Okey: So number one is Augustinian view of grace. Number two is a rigorist view of the sacraments.

Elissa Cutter: Three is the hatred of the Jesuits. So but these also lead into other things, which is why I'm, I'm up to five characteristics now.

So the combination of the Jansenist view of grace and the rigorist view of the sacraments led to a tendency for people to withdraw from the world, whether that was formally like the Port-Royal nuns into religious life, or like the, what were known as the Solitaires, which were the men who lived next to Port-Royal and kind of withdrew from their government service, which kind of pissed a lot of people off, who live semi-monastic life next to the convent in Port-Royal. So this tendency to withdraw from the world is a Jansenist characteristic.

And then the fifth one is related to the Augustine aspect of it, which is the tendency to see the ideal of Christianity in the early church, or the example of the early church.

Stephen Okey: That one sounds in particular why I think people sometimes see Jansenism as akin to some elements of the Protestant Reformation, which often had this very idealized or, or rose colored vision of the early church and the structure of the early church and the sense that that had just simply been, you know, corrupted by centuries of Rome and the papacy and, and, and councils as well.

Elissa Cutter: Yeah, and the, the, I mean, there's other kind of complicated aspects related to that, and which is the, you know, the influence of Augustine was also another thing that is connected to, you know, people accuse them of being crypto Calvinist for their views that they took from Augustine, but also there's this complication with the Arnauld family that half of their relatives were actually Protestants.

So the family at the center of the controversy, like, had that tangential influence as well. Yeah.

Stephen Okey: Okay.

Elissa Cutter: But, but here's the thing about Jansenism, and when we look at it in the 17th century, and this is my big kind of peeve about when we throw the term Jansenism around in the modern world is that all of those views as the people held them in the so called Jansenist group were super prevalent in 17th century France.

So they can't, they're not identifiable theological characteristics of Jansenism as a theological heresy. So what makes Jansenism problematic was their inability to submit to papal condemnation, basically, or to the king at the time.

Stephen Okey: So they're essentially rebels, right? Like, they're sort of unwilling to, you know, accede to either the church or the political hierarchy, right?

Elissa Cutter: Yeah. I just, I'm still grappling with some of that as well though. And I think that's why I'm so interested in Mother Angelique because in her reform, you know, before all of the controversy started, she's not like some of the later generation of the nuns who were more disobedient and obstinate about their views, but she did also died before anything happened.

So we don't know what she would have done, you know. So I just, that's why I'm so fascinated in all of it is that I think it really, when you look at Mother Angelique in particular, but the nuns more generally, it, it complicates what we think of as Jansenism and it forces us to rethink kind of the tradition and what we think we know about it.

Stephen Okey: Is that predominantly a feature of, a feature of their being women, of their being vowed religious, of just their location, of the, the family connections, what is the contribution to our understanding that you think comes especially from this community in terms of complicating and challenging our views of Jansenism?

Elissa Cutter: I think it's primarily because of them as women, but in some ways you can't separate that from them also being vowed religious, because like every single woman in the family, including Angelique's mother, eventually became a nun at Port-Royal.

Stephen Okey: Oh, interesting.

Elissa Cutter: So those, those things definitely go together.

But what I kind of want to ultimately argue is that we need to pay more attention to these women's voices as theological voices and think about how does incorporating women's voices explicitly as theological sources complicate our understanding of first, you know, the trajectory of tradition, but also theology as a whole.

Stephen Okey: And so this leads me to, I know that you're currently working on a book on feminist historical theology.

Elissa Cutter: Yeah.

Stephen Okey: And so that's sort of like your opening pitch, we need to, in a very basic way, at least consider the contributions of women to church tradition, church history, to consider them in their own contexts.

So in thinking about a feminist approach to historical theology or feminist historical theology, one possible read of that is simply a matter of changing attention to sources. So who are we reading?

And we can point to, I'm sure for many people listening, when they have taken courses or taken comprehensive exams or whatever else, a lot of times the sources are just overwhelmingly men, overwhelmingly priests, bishops, things like that, maybe your list had a Julian of Norwich in there, right? Like, that's sometimes as far as they get.

So one part is, on a very basic level, sources that we pay attention to. But there also might be other aspects in terms of methodologically, you know, the way that we read, the types of questions that we ask, and so for you, what, what in this book that you're working on, and this larger project you're working on, what, what do you mean by feminist historical theology?

Elissa Cutter: Right. So I think that feminist historical theology is kind of fundamentally reading the sources in a different way. There is this tendency to make distinctions when we look at certain sources in the tradition, and to consider some of them as kind of properly theology and others as spirituality, meaning that they're practical.

And I mean that distinction has its own problems in the first place, and that's part of the argument is that it's not that they're just spirituality or only of interest to kind of the practical component, but they have underlying theological ideas that are expressed through these texts and in order to get at those ideas, you have to read them in a different way.

And so one of the things that you have to pay attention to, especially is attention to genre and understanding the genre of the text in the time period in which it was written. So I take a lot of inspiration. You know, I already mentioned having been inspired by our Old Testament professors.

I take a lot of inspiration from biblical scholarship, especially feminist biblical scholarship in this work. So that's, that's the big thing.

I think the other kind of point of comparison in terms of reading it, it's reading the text in a different way in the way that you might read a work of literature for its underlying theological views.

So that's kind of the biggest methodological piece for me is, reading the text differently. But it's also reading the text with a kind of feminist assumption that these women are doing theology in the first place, and that that has to be the foundation for then kind of reading these texts in a different way.

The other kind of real piece of all of this, what makes it a kind of feminist historical theology for me is first the broader contextualization of the ideas in both the historical period and kind of the theological history, and then the evaluation of these ideas based on feminist principles.

So, are they ultimately oppressive or liberative to women and what can we do with that today.

Stephen Okey: I have this impression that in the divorce we sometimes see between theology and spirituality, especially among academics, that sometimes the default assumption is something like theology is more rigorous and more reasonable and spirituality is more soft and emotional.

And then that very easily gets grafted onto, you know, theology is done by men and spirituality is done by women.

Elissa Cutter: Exactly.

Stephen Okey: Or it just happens to sort out that way, like who saw that coming, you know? And I, I find it strange, in that regard, in part because, I mean, even some of my favorite spiritual writers are men. I mean, so... You know, there's that sort of weird mix of things.

And it speaks to, this is a total tangent, but I still think about this from a conference I was at this summer, but I heard this very interesting presentation at the College Theology Society about women on Instagram who have these sort of very curated, I think the speaker called them like trad wives was like the term for it and who have this very like traditional Catholic understanding of how to be and they're really good at the social media influencer part of it in terms of perfect images, crafting all this sort of thing.

But one of the things that struck me was the speaker was talking about these like guidebooks that the women follow that are these sort of models for how to be a good traditional Catholic wife and mother. And all are nearly all the ones she was talking about are written by men.

Elissa Cutter: Oh, really?

Stephen Okey: There are these, there's these like male, like men written manuals for women, which I mean, you know, people, people can write advice for whomever they want, but one of the, my follow up questions was are there these kinds of manuals for how to be, you know, like the good Catholic husband and father, which I'm sure there are, and are any of those written by women?

Elissa Cutter: I doubt it.

Stephen Okey: My hunch is no, I could be wrong. Listeners, if you know, let me know. It's just a curiosity that I have. But it was just sort of another example in this example of how, I mean, it's sometimes subtle and it's sometimes very explicit the way that gender feeds into even these ways that we think about our discipline.

Elissa Cutter: Yeah. I, I I mean, everything that you've said is, is things that I've been thinking about, especially, you know, in terms of, I, I wanna be clear that I don't want to like downgrade the idea of spirituality, but I think that as you noted, that there's like an implicit hierarchy in how we think

Stephen Okey: mm-hmm

Elissa Cutter: of spirituality versus theology, and. I think both that that's wrong, but also that every single text that we think of as spirituality or that we push into the spirituality category is a work of theology as well. And it's important for us to use this method of like reading the text for their theological views, not just as works of spirituality.

Stephen Okey: Do you have a sense for ,as a historical theologian, when you think the split between theology and spirituality, is at least kind of very obvious? Because I think also about like, you go back to Augustine, like, come on, Confessions is clearly both right like it's clearly a spiritual text, it's clearly a theological text.

I feel the same way reading, at least some of Aquinas, I mean, the Summa, I think is maybe more theology than spirituality, but even that like people often thought of primarily as philosophy, not, you know, theology per se. But even, you know, into, texts that we read, right?

Like, like Teresa of Avila or John of the Cross or, the autobiography of Ignatius, like they're clearly doing both on some level, whereas today, in the last century or so, they seem much more clearly divorced. So, I don't know. Do you have a sense for when you think that happens or why you think that happens?

Elissa Cutter: I couldn't pinpoint a time, but I mean, the early modern era, I'm, I'm thinking about, the divisions that occurred. I mean, part of it is the rise of the universities, you know, in the medieval era. Because of that kind of by the early modern era, we have these kind of different trajectories that were all still considered theology, but, you know, it's the, the academic and like the practical, and the mystic. And so, like, at some point after my period of expertise, I would say the mystic and the practical got a little, got divorced from what was seen as properly theological. But I couldn't pinpoint, you know, an exact time.

Stephen Okey: Yeah. No, that's fair.

I, I've been working with graduate students this semester in a course on research and writing. And so they have a ton of writing to do. And a lot of the course is about reflecting on your own patterns of writing and things like that. But we had a, actually, I think a pretty successful assignment and activity where they had to write like a, a one page theological reflection.

And it was essentially about like, you know, them, them and their relationship to Jesus. And people wrote, you know, often very sort of autobiographical, very personal accounts for that relationship and how they understood it, how it had developed, key insights, things like that.

And then they had to share these with everybody, and the next activity included, identify and summarize the theological argument in the reflection.

And, and they were all able to do it. Like every one of them had no trouble looking at a couple others and saying, like, this is the argument that they're making. And it's like. There you go, like these things go together, you know, there's always some amount of implicit argument being made and there's always some kind of theological assumptions, sometimes spelled out and sometimes left implicit.

So, yeah, all that is to say, I'm entirely on board with you of recognizing that, a strong separation between theology and spirituality, is misleading, uh, at best.

So I guess to build on them, the questions about, about working in feminist historical theology, I know something that you've contributed a lot to in the last decade or so has been the Women in Theology blog.

And so I wanted to ask about your time working on this, in part because I used to write for a sibling or cousin blog, which is the source of the name of this podcast, that has, you know, since disappeared, has gone off into that good night, whereas you, y'all are still going strong, which I think is impressive. And so, how did you get involved? What has been life giving for you about it? And how has it been helpful in your growth as a theologian?

Elissa Cutter: I would probably identify myself as part of the kind of maybe second generation of the blog.

So I joined the blog when they put out a call for contributors while I was working on my Ph. D. And it had been that the kind of original contributors to the blog wanted to expand and invite new people in. They invited about, I think, five of us in, and two of us are still there. And none of the original people are unfortunately there.

And I think that's part of kind of how things go is that people have time for it at different parts of their career and it does something to be able to kind of have these conversations. For me, I like having a place to kind of play around with ideas. You know, a lot of what I talked about in terms of kind of the methods of feminist historical theology, I have a two part blog series where I explore some of those ideas for the first time and engage with Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza in particular, as a model for how I do work in other periods of history.

So, it's allowed me to kind of... write things that I'm working with, but also to play around with ideas, especially, you know, some of my popular culture posts. I don't know if you saw my, my most recent one, which was looking at the Barbie movie in comparison to Blaise Pascal.

Stephen Okey: That is very much, that is very much up your alley.

Elissa Cutter: It was, it was just funny. I, I, so I'm doing a lot of Pascal with my students this semester, and as I was kind of preparing for my classes, like the month before that I had gone out and seen the Barbie movie and I was reading, you know, Pascal on diversion.

And it just kind of hit me, like, all of Barbieland is Pascal's idea of diversion. Um, and so I, I had, but I had a place to explore that comparison on the blog, and that's one of the things that I love about it. You know, there's this community of women that is part of this blog, and it's definitely different from when it first started out.

I think, you know, the, the first core group were, were close friends when they started the blog. So that had, that was an aspect that was there. And they kind of brought us into that community. And since then, it's a little bit more, I don't want to say professional because that's not the word, but, you know, we still have associations with, with the people on the blog and some of them I am friends with, but the immediate community is a little bit more business like I guess.

Stephen Okey: Yeah. I understand. I think that the Women in Theology blog was, and has been really successful at having kind of a, something to coalesce around, you know, conceptually that that gives you all, I don't know, I, I, I think it helps hold you together in a sense, as a project, in a way that our project was, was never gonna hold long-term. All that is to say like, I'm deeply impressed that it's still going, like, I mean, it's gotta be almost 15 years later.

Elissa Cutter: I don't, I haven't been keeping track of the time, but one of the things that I love about it is that it is such an ecumenical space. You know, a lot of the circles that I, other than kind of maybe like AAR you know, I'm in a lot of Catholic circles, um, in terms of ideas, so I appreciate being a part of this space where I can interact with women, you know, who come from other Christian traditions, and to explore ideas with them.

Stephen Okey: Yeah. So you mentioned reading Pascal with your students, and I wanted to ask you about teaching, and some of the things that I'm always curious about with teaching are one, I guess I'm always curious, who are your students? Are they, never sure the best way to ask this question, but are they interested in what you are talking about?

Are they simply there because they have to be there? Are they persuaded? Do you get to work with, you know, students who are maybe theology majors or who are, you know, really into the kinds of things you're talking about? What's it like for you as a teacher?

Elissa Cutter: It's definitely a mix. I teach mostly the gen ed classes, and then periodically I'll do a class that's an upper level kind of religious studies that's cross listed also with our MA program. One of my favorite classes to teach in that sense, I get to teach the methods class, and that is, that is one of my favorite ones to teach because it's always interesting discussions, with the students.

But for the most part, I, I definitely have students who are in the class because they have to take a religious studies class as part of their gen ed. And I think that's the same, you know, almost anywhere though.

I, I remember in my problem of God class, which I've already talked about, I thought that Father King was amazing, and I, and he was, but I do remember this one girl in class speaking up towards the end of the semester and I don't remember exactly what she said, but she was like complaining about his teaching style or, and like to his face, which I was like, Oh my God, I would never do the thing.

Um, so obviously, you know, even in that class where, you know, what he did ultimately kind of changed the trajectory of my life like someone else really hated it.

Stephen Okey: Not everybody was on board.

Elissa Cutter: Yeah. And so I think that that's kind of the same. I had a student in my office this week who is in the nursing school, so does not have a lot of flexibility in her schedule and she was like this class is amazing and I want to take more religion classes. And it was kind of like I know you're a nursing student, so I don't know how to advise you on this but like do the best you can like wherever you can fit it into your schedule try and take another class, you know.

So there's, there's definitely kind of the students that are, that it does reach them, you know, some of them were like, especially the area that I am in, in New Jersey is the very kind of, Italian area, Catholic Italian area.

So, a lot of my students have a kind of religious background, but it's kind of way in the background for a lot of them. And so sometimes this, you know, what we do in class makes a connection and brings back something that they already experienced and speaks to them in that way. And I think that's wonderful, but it's, it's not necessarily my goal in, in the classroom.

I have kind of shifted my teaching in a lot of ways to think about it being a gen ed class. What can I give them that's going to help them? And my approach is mostly how can we read and interpret a religious text? Because where there's some kind of similarities with other fields and interpreting text, I think religious texts take a particular attention, or an approach in a slightly different way of in terms of kind of what you're looking for if you're going to interpret them religiously.

Stephen Okey: Yeah, it's taken me a while, but I have to remind myself on one hand, my undergraduate students are not all going to be like me, and so they're not all going to find this fascinating.

Elissa Cutter: Right.

Stephen Okey: And you know, they're also not all looking for, you know, what is the field of study that is going to help me work out my internal issues, which on some level is why I did theology in the end.

 I mean, similar to you, like when I started at Georgetown, I was a philosophy and a math major, and I maintained the math major till the end, but my first philosophy class that I was so excited for just bored me to tears. And I did not enjoy it at all, and it was so hard for me to go back and take, like, the second philosophy class I had to, because I had been so put off by it, and I was, like, in high school, like, I loved reading philosophy, my mom had been a philosophy major, like, I was in, and this course, so totally turned me off, but the problem of God class I had with Father Steck was just like, it was like a light being turned on.

I was like, oh, I'm going to keep doing this now.

Elissa Cutter: I feel like it's interesting to comment that we were both double majors. I don't know that anyone is not a double major. When they study theology, I did know someone who I think was the year below us at Georgetown who was a double major with philosophy and theology but everyone Everyone else was like one that's kind of practical and one that's

Stephen Okey: Well, I, I've talked about this with like people at my own school because here, just because of, you know, different requirements and things like that, it's difficult to double major, like across different colleges within the university, which I understand. But I also like thinking back to, you know, there were, I think there were like 10 of us in theology, the year you and I graduated and thinking back on them, like basically all of us were double majors, I mean a couple of them have gone on to be doctors, people have gone on to other fields, and things like that, but we were basically all double majors. And for some of us If we could only single major, it would not have ended up being theology. Like it was a possibility that the school made for us.

But the other, the other thing I also try to keep in mind with my students is that I don't need them to be like me in order for the class to be helpful and fruitful and interesting, and I, I think about this thing I did, this was last fall, and I had a new sort of most fundamental core course in scripture. And I, I did this thing I'd never done before, but a friend of mine had floated as a possibility and it was an 80 minute class. And every day we started with just silence. And we started with like three minutes the first couple of days, but it got up to 10 and for like three months, the first bit of class, 10 minutes of silence, they knew coming in.

No, like looking at phones, no, nothing just deliberate silence. And the strangest thing is that like semesters later, I will see students from that class, none of whom have gone on to take any more religion than they're required to. But that is the thing that they reference. It's like, that stuck with me. I still do that sometimes. It's real helpful. And I think it helped us get into a space where we you know,

Different ways of interpreting scripture and the, you know, the senses and all that sort of stuff. But it's also a practice that people apparently some, at least several people found very helpful. So.

Elissa Cutter: You know, Father King used to do that.

Stephen Okey: Really?

Elissa Cutter: One of the things I remember from his classes, he would always, he would take attendance and then he would say, let's pause for a moment of prayer and just there will be silence for a little bit. And I, I'm, I've always wanted to do that. Like, like you did. And so I'm, I'm inspired that you did it, but I always felt it felt different coming from him as a Jesuit versus me as a lay woman.

Stephen Okey: I say, give it a try. I, I did often feel self conscious about it, and then, but it's funny too, especially when you have these like, when it's like, one minute, that's one thing, when you have like, these longer, you know, ten minute periods, it's so funny how... you know, you notice all the sounds, right? So every chair squeaking, things like that, you notice sort of how people try to manage it in terms of, you know, sitting back, putting their head down, crossing their arms, you know, like the, the postures that they adopt. And then you have this, it's, it's almost, it becomes this liturgical sort of thing because it becomes the, the moment where people are able to shift from their previous class, their, their on campus job, whatever it was into now we're doing something different. And so these sort of transitional moments, I found actually quite helpful. And so, I mean, you don't have to do 10 minutes. Like it was a big chunk of class. You have a 50 minute class.

I would not do 10 minutes, but it was great. And I don't think I would do it for every class I have, but I, like, it was. It was such a balm in that class.

Elissa Cutter: That's so great to hear. I love how just having this conversation, we can end up talking about these ideas that we have in terms of our teaching.

Stephen Okey: Yeah, I was going to ask. To kind of follow up on that. I saw, and if I'm wrong, correct me on this, but have you done teaching and traveling abroad as part of a course?

Elissa Cutter: I'm, well,

Stephen Okey: You're working on it.

Elissa Cutter: I'm working on it. So we have a course right now that's supposed to run this coming spring break in Paris.

And we need like four more students to sign up, uh, you know, in order, in order for it to happen. So, I don't know when you're going to have this podcast out. So at that time we may have had to cancel the course or we may be planning to do it.

But I am so absolutely passionate about this, for multiple reasons. One, I'm passionate about study abroad, you know, that was my own experience and it was so transformative to me. But the other thing that I did while I was at Georgetown at the end of my freshman year, I went on a trip that was run, it was Dr. Sens and I can't remember the other professor, but there was two professors from the classics department and it was advertised as read the classics where they were written. And we went to Greece and we started in Athens and went like all through the country. And I have these pictures of us like, reading, I don't know, Plato next to like the pool at the hotel, because that's where we all gathered together to have our class.

You know, it, it was amazing, and you know, we got to go and see all of these locations and I had actually been to Greece before, which is part of the reason why I wanted to go on this trip. But again, like, I kind of, as soon as, or not since then, but like, since I started studying all this stuff in the 17th century, I, I, and traveling abroad to do my research, I've, I've wanted to share that experience and I've wanted to design a course that was read these 17th century texts of French spirituality and go and visit the churches that these people attended and and see the ruins of the convent of Port-Royal and all of that stuff.

This is kind of going to be that it's not going to be exactly that, but I'm so excited about this idea and to be able to kind of share this experience with with students.

Stephen Okey: Nice. I don't know how anyone could hear your passion for it and not also want to go. So,

Elissa Cutter: uh, yeah, I wish that was true.

Stephen Okey: I, I would go in a heartbeat, so

Elissa Cutter: Thank you. .

Stephen Okey: Yeah. So is the whole course just over spring break, like that's the whole course? Is is that

Elissa Cutter: No. so the way that's what I would have wanted but the way that it is, is we're actually going to be, the trip itself is a lot of going to the locations, and then the three of the courses that I'm offering that semester are going to have content that ties into this. So that's part of the reason why I'm doing a lot of Pascal this semester is it's kind of a test run for how I'm going to do the course in the spring. So I'm doing two sections of the Christian tradition course where we are going to be doing probably not exclusively, but you know, we're going to do Augustine's Confessions.

But other than that, a lot of it is going to be learning about the Christian tradition through texts from 17th century France. And then I am teaching a class in social justice ethics that semester too, which I'm also going to tie into this trip, in part through the, the worker priests in France, and I have, I did a bunch of research over the summer, found the locations of where they met and where they lived and which parishes they attended.

And so there's going to be kind of that aspect of it as well. And then I'm, I'm co leading the trip with a colleague in the business school who teaches the business class. Yeah. So we're kind of getting connected with some French businesses that can help us kind of raise some other kind of ethical questions as well and in kind of this whole conversation, so it should be a lot of fun. I'm, I'm really looking forward to it.

Stephen Okey: I hope you get to pull it off. I, this was pre COVID, but I taught a course on the theology and spirituality of pilgrimage and at the end of the semester, so like in May, I took a group of like, I think there were seven students who went, and a couple of faculty, we did two weeks of the Camino to Santiago in Spain.

And they, like, they had to, you know, we met, you know, maybe once a week during the semester. So we had to have, you know, that part of the course, and then we sort of concluded it during the walk, even though we really only like met to like discuss a couple times during the walk, because you're walking all day, like you're tired, you know, it's, it's, you know, physically demanding, but there's, there's also.

And that's one of the things I, I tell people about doing the Camino and what I recommend to everyone, there's so much leisure time because like you walk in the morning, you get food, you get cleaned up, you do your laundry, and then there's still hours before you're going to fall asleep and like, you're not going to do work.

You know, like you didn't bring your laptop with you, most likely. And so there's just tons of time to like, you know, commune and get to know people and walk around and see places and all sorts of stuff. And it was great. It was such a wonderful experience and I really want to do it again. I just don't know when that's going to happen.

So, so yeah, I, I, I hope you get to do this, it's such a great experience or can be such a great experience.

Elissa Cutter: Yeah. Yeah.

Stephen Okey: Well, that's, that's all I have. I don't know if you have other things,

Elissa Cutter: Yeah I don't think so. Yeah.

Stephen Okey: All right. Well, I'm so grateful that we had this chance to talk, so thank you for being on the show.

Elissa Cutter: Yeah. Thank you again so much. I've really enjoyed this conversation.

[Music Transition]

Stephen Okey: This episode of the Daily Theology Podcast was produced by Stephen Okey.

The music for the podcast was created by Matt Hines of the band Eastern Sea.

The logo was designed by Ellen Stewart.

You can subscribe for free to receive updates about the show at stephenokey.substack.com. And you can become a paid subscriber if you want to support the show financially.

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Thanks and see you soon.

Dr. Jessica Coblentz is an Associate Professor of Religious Studies and Theology at St. Mary’s College in Notre Dame, Indiana. She holds a BA from Santa Clara University, an MTS from Harvard Divinity School, and a PhD from Boston College. She is the author of Dust in the Blood: A Theology of Life with Depression (Liturgical Press, 2022), which won the 2023 award for best book from the College Theology Society. She also co-edited The Human in a Dehumanizing World: Re-Examining Theological Anthropology and Its Implications (Orbis, 2022) with Daniel Horan, OFM.

Thanks as always to Matt Hines of the band Eastern Sea for providing the music for the Daily Theology Podcast.

Dr. Heather Miller Rubens is the Executive Director and Roman Catholic Scholar at the Institute for Islamic, Christian, and Jewish Studies (ICJS). She has a BA from Georgetown University, and an MA and PhD from the University of Chicago Divinity School. Her research focuses on theological, ethical, and political issues relating to the roles of religion and interreligious dialogue in the public square.

You can also see the full transcript for this episode below.

Thanks as always to Matt Hines of the band Eastern Sea for providing the music for the Daily Theology Podcast.

Transcript of Episode #50 - Heather Miller Rubens

#50 – Heather Miller Rubens

[Opening Music]

Stephen Okey: Welcome to the Daily Theology Podcast, a podcast on the craft and vocation of theology. I'm your host, Stephen Okey.

In today's episode, I talk with Heather Miller Rubens, who is the Executive Director and Roman Catholic scholar at the Institute for Islamic, Christian, and Jewish Studies. We talk about how her early interest in Hebrew scriptures led to the study of Jewish Catholic relations, the work of the ICJS, and about how to do inter-religious dialogue well. We focus especially on her forthcoming project "In Good Faith: An Argument for an Interreligious Society," and her argument that the public sphere actually needs more talk about religion, not less, if we want to live in a healthy and functioning society.

Thanks to everyone who has subscribed through Substack, where this podcast is joined to my Okeydoxy newsletter. New episodes of the podcast will come out each month while newsletters will come out every two weeks or so. The next one of those will be on Martin Scorsese's "The Last Temptation of Christ" as part of my "Celluloid Christ" series.

I hope you enjoy the episode and thanks for listening.

[Music Transition]

Stephen Okey: Today for the Daily Theology Podcast, I'm talking to my friend, Heather Miller Rubens. Heather, thank you for being here.

Heather Miller Rubens: Thank you for inviting me.

Stephen Okey: You are the executive director, and Roman Catholic scholar at the Institute for Islamic, Christian, and Jewish Studies, which sounds like a lot of heavy double duty. So I like to, I like to open by asking people, how did you get into doing theology?

Heather Miller Rubens: Yeah, so I went to Catholic school my whole life, from elementary school through college, at Georgetown University, where we met as undergrads so many, many years ago. And I was a double major in theology and creative writing. And towards the end of my time there, I actually took a Hebrew Bible class with Father Jim Walsh and started learning Biblical Hebrew with him, and he sort of encouraged me to keep going with religion, the study of religion, as did a lot of my other undergraduate mentors as well.

And I knew I wanted to, to, to study a religion that I didn't identify with. It wasn't mine and really very much enjoyed Hebrew, and so went to the Oxford Center for Hebrew and Jewish Studies for a 1 year masters and sort of immerse myself in the study of Judaism and the study of the Hebrew language, and then went to the University of Chicago to pursue a doctoral degree and an additional masters.

And at the University of Chicago I was able to combine my doctoral studies with Judaism and Christianity, and do that under the history of Judaism section. So, I actually trained as a historian at the University of Chicago, focusing on the early 20th century and Jewish Catholic relations in Europe and in the United States.

And then the job posted at the institute for, um, at the time the Institute for Christian and Jewish Studies. They were looking for a Roman Catholic scholar who was interested in Catholic Jewish relations, which was exactly what my dissertation was about.

And so I applied and landed at ICJS and, we're an academic nonprofit, and so the organization is very much focused on, not only religion in this kind of academic classroom, but religion in community. So we work a lot with, religious practitioners, so clergy and religious leaders and congregations, but we also work with the general public, and folks who have different relationships to religion.

And so, in my work at ICJS since 2011, I keep asking more and more theological questions and more and more questions of belief and how our beliefs, not only about our own communities, but our beliefs about each other, so, especially beliefs that cross religious traditions, really impact our, our relationship to one another and sort of helping people explore what that means.

So the, the kind of horizontal relationships, the intergroup relationships, between communities and between individuals, and then how that, the vertical relationship with, with the divine, with God, how that impacts those relationships.

Stephen Okey: So I want to step back, just to something you said, which was, you know, as you were wrapping up undergrad, you wanted to study something that was outside your own religious tradition or something that you did not yourself identify with. Why? What was it that was motivating you there?

Heather Miller Rubens: Ah, that's a great question. I don't know. I think it was a, uh,

Stephen Okey: That's fair.

Heather Miller Rubens: I like how, how much you could apply agency to, to some choices made in your early twenties. Um, I'm not entirely positive. I, I think I had a, just a deep curiosity about the Jewish tradition in particular and the Hebrew Bible was the sort of entry point into that.

And then just learning more about rabbinic tradition and interpretation of the Hebrew Bible, and how much it is different than Catholic interpretation, Christian interpretation of the Hebrew Bible. And so what does it mean when two communities share a common text, but interpret that text in, in different ways, and how do you sit with that? How do you sit with that reality? And again, even right within, of course, within each tradition, there's so much diversity that sort of internal diversity to interpretation, but diversity across traditions is what really interested me. And I wanted to go deeper into that.

Stephen Okey: Yeah, that makes sense. I know for me, part of why I went into theology was trying to work out my own issues, uh, on some level. And so it's, it's nice to hear something that's kind of a more healthy response, maybe, uh, for academic interests.

Heather Miller Rubens: I'll also say, and this is something I've circled back to now in, in, in sort of my practice as a, I identify as kind of a scholar practitioner of interreligious dialogue at this point, that my academic interest is in the so called Jewish question. And so what does it mean for the modern nation state to be born in, in, in the sort of European context and to come up and say, religious diversity is a problem for the modern nation state.

And, you know, the, the, the horrific answer to the so called Jewish question is the final solution of the Holocaust. And so what does it mean when a Christian society decides that religious diversity internal within it, it's not possible and, and seeks a genocidal response. And so, and I think those questions about the status of religious diversity, what, what does it mean to live in a religiously diverse world?

Is that always a problem? I think that that is a core interest that I've carried from my time at Georgetown to my time at ICJS.

Stephen Okey: Yeah, I definitely, I want to keep talking about this one. So I had other questions I'll come back to, but you're currently working on a project called "In Good Faith: An Argument for an Interreligious Society," where you're dealing with this question, right, at least the reality of religious diversity in a, in a pluralist society. And there's definitely, as you've said, there's a framing of that as a problem that asks for a solution. And that solution has historically in many cases turned genocidal, violent, discriminatory. Could you talk a bit about this project and what you are sort of setting out to do?

Heather Miller Rubens: Yeah, so, after over a decade now at ICJS, I feel like I keep having to make an argument as to why people should engage in interreligious work, why people should engage honestly in more religion talk rather than less religion talk with one another. And so sort of the basic motivation is bringing that level of argumentation that I've made to both participants in our program, community members, and just the sort of broader community in the United States that that may or may not want to engage in religion talk as to why it's necessary.

And I, I think in the United States, and I very much want to ground our dialogue work in the United States, because interreligious work looks different in different social and cultural contexts, but in the United States, we have this kind of ideal of welcoming citizens of all religion and no religion, as a sort of an aspiration, but we just rarely engage interreligiously as a civic practice and so people aren't comfortable doing so.

And I would say that the question of how diverse citizens should bring their religious voices to civic conversations is the sort of animating idea as to why I want to write this book, and I want to make an argument for a multi religious democracy and what does a functional multi religious democracy look like.

And the book is not meant to be a blueprint of an answer to that question. It's to, um, I, I want to state that very clearly. It's a real framing. It's a framing of the question in a slightly different way, and an invitation to both regular citizens, to theologians, to political scientists, to legal scholars, to say, okay, well, what happens if religious diversity isn't a problem anymore, but what happens if religious diversity is actually the end goal that we're constantly working for.

Um, and that's including folks who would identify as as not religious or as secular or religiously unaffiliated. And so if that's the goal, how do we then reorient our conversations, to keep that goal, in place?

And I would say that there's two things that kind of stand in the way in the United States context. One is a sort of Christian nationalist or Christian supremacy response, which is saying religious diversity is a reality, but it's a problem. And there has to be one religious group that's on top and we may or may not tolerate the other religions or the place of non religion, or even dissent within religion, and so there's a kind of Christian supremacy as a domination model response.

And then what I'm, I'm coining the phrase secular supremacy as the other alternative, which I think is another domination response, but actually seeks to banish religious diversity from the public square and not allow for religion talk to be practiced.

And so what happens with where we've got one domination model that says, there's only one way to talk about religion and another that sort of pushes religion out. Most people don't have any real practice or comfort with engaging in religion talk across difference, and I think that that inability, that the fact that we don't really have both the intellectual space, the spiritual space to do that kind of work is hurting us as a, as a country.

Stephen Okey: I'm not a particular scholar or practitioner of inter religious dialogue, I sort of have, maybe my, dipped my toes in it. It seems to me that most of my encounter with it In theology, at least, has primarily been, so one, it's, it's often sort of tradition to tradition.

It's sort of a bilateral, but not, you know, often multilateral kind of conversation. And it tends to be very focused on either sort of theological questions. And so you get, Roman Catholic Muslim dialogue around, you know, the meaning of word of God or the role of Mary, things like that. Or it tends to be sort of good neighbor practices, you know, in terms of the, the local parish and the local synagogue have some kind of joint venture to build relationships and so forth. And, It's never really struck me particularly as something that people have focused on until what you're talking about, in terms of how is inter religious dialogue productive on the level of public discourse, the civic square, the public square. And so it's an interesting trajectory to be taking the questions that I think often emerge in inter religious dialogue.

Heather Miller Rubens: Yeah, I mean, to build on that, I would say that interreligious dialogue is sort of bubbling under the surface of a lot of culture war questions. I kind of don't like the term, and I think that, especially in the U. S. courts, there's increasingly attention, where anti discrimination values and principles are being pitted against religious liberty. And I feel like those argumentations are getting sharper and sharper, and only allowing a certain type of religious voice to claim to be a religious voice in the sort of public square and in a courtroom setting and the reality is, is that where there's a lot more religious diversity about questions around bodily autonomy, around gender, around being a good neighbor. What does it mean to have a business in a diverse community? All of those types of things. And so this is where it may be, it may be counterintuitive to a lot of folks that I think we actually need more religion talk to address this problem rather than less.

Cause I think there's a lot of people who are in favor of a multi religious democracy as a concept, as an ideal, but assume that the best way to do that is to privatize religion and to have no religion talk happen in the public square. And so I would say that we have done work with teachers and secondary education in both religious schools and independent or private schools, which you can imagine that they have like world religions classes, but also public school teachers who are encountering religious diversity in history and in literature and are unsure as public school educators how they can bring religious diversity and into their classroom and respect the 1st amendment and respect their students and respect themselves also in the process, understand where they're coming from in that space. And the fact that we can't have those types of conversations or have them very rarely, I think is a problem.

And so the book is trying to make an argument that we need to be doing this more with one another, and recognize also that it's, it's iterative work. It's really messy work and it requires a long period of time and a commitment to relationship. Because I think that there's another way in which interfaith as it's often practiced is polite conversation done in a one 60 minute session, and then that's it.

And that's not the kind of, it's a one off thing, and that's not the kind of work that we try to do at ICJS and it's not the kind of work that I'm actually talking about in the book, I, I want to see folks who are in long term relationships with one another in their communities, whatever those communities may be, they may be geographically located communities, but they also may be professional communities. But to, to bring religion into those spaces and to not exclude religion from those conversations.

Stephen Okey: So in talking about the main situations or themes that you're looking at in this project and you talk about Christian nationalism or Christian supremacy and this idea of a secular supremacy, as both being domination models. This makes sense historically in terms of, you know, a lot of the sort of secular push has been to, has been resistant particularly to Christianity in the U. S. Because it's been the dominant religious tradition in the U. S. for so long. And the sort of Christian supremacist or Christian nationalist response, especially in the last, like, 20, 30 years has been a reaction, or maybe I guess back to the seventies, right, is in many respects, it's a, it's a counter reaction. It's a reaction to reaction to this, what that group would see as a, as a drift or a slide or a decline of the proper place of Christianity in the U. S. The approach that it sounds like you want to craft is something much more cooperative and complementary than competitive, I think. Is that fair?

Heather Miller Rubens: Kind of fair.

Stephen Okey: Okay.

Heather Miller Rubens: Let me, let me, let me respond to that. So a big part of the project, I think, is trying to attend to the emotional response and the question of what do folks fear. And I spent a lot of time trying to spell this out because I think you're right. And this is a kind of a rough breakdown, a crude breakdown, but I would say in the again, thinking about this in the United States, on the sort of more conservative, arguably more religious side of things, which would sometimes translate to the quote unquote rights, but not always, that there is a hostility to Christians and a hostility to religion is real, that sort of scorn is real.

There's an argument for the loss of religious freedom and Christian religious freedom on the one side. And then there's the kind of rise of the so called "nones and dones" and the sort of deinstitutionalization of religion, and all of this creates a certain amount of fear and anxiety about the place of religion in society and in community. And so I would say that the fear is actually of an absence of religion or too little religion in society and in life. And that that absence argument is, is what's assigned a sort of causal role in a lot of social problems.

And that leads to, okay, well, then we need to bring Christianity back in, in a very dominant way to sort of deal with that absence. And so that, that's the sort of emotional register, I would say for folks.

And that on the, on the, you know, the sort of left, I think that there's an argument that there's too much religion, right?

So if the other side is saying there's too little, the other side is saying, there's too much religion. And so it's an argument of presence. And instead of hostility to Christians, there's hostility to religious and racial minorities or minorities of other kinds. There's a religious takeover of the courts, right?

So, exemption from anti discrimination laws, as opposed to a loss of religious freedom. And then there's a takeover by Christian extremists with kind of January 6th looming as a, as a recent apex of of what Christian extremism looks like in this country. And so rather than seeing a fear of the deinstitutionalization of religion, there's a fear of of January 6 level violence.

And so I would say that the folks in that camp then jump onto the secular supremacy bandwagon and say that there can be nothing good about religion. So we are going to push religion out of the public square entirely, and I would say that both of those models are, are where folks tend to try to, to, to fit themselves in, but neither model actually sees a multi religious democracy as a possible or desirable.

I think everybody kind of desires it in a certain way, but as, as, as a real possibility to work towards. And so trying to account for that sense of fear and anxiety, I think, is a really important part of of the work in the, in the project.

Stephen Okey: In the research that you've done on it so far, how do you find or see the place of non Christian religions in participating in this public question? I don't, I don't mean prospectively like in the future, but currently there's a, a growing but sizable Muslim minority in the United States, there's a Jewish minority, there's, you know, there's Hindus, Buddhists, so forth, none of which have the sort of numbers or the cultural capital, I think, that Christianity does or that arguably secular "nones and dones" perhaps do. Does that question make sense?

Heather Miller Rubens: No.

Stephen Okey: Okey, let me try it a different way. So within a political question about religion in the United States, one sort of interesting development since the 70s or so has been the increasing political split within U. S. Catholics, so between more left wing, more right wing Catholics. And one of the, I don't know if it's a result of this or sort of a parallel of this is you get a lot more right wing Christian bunching around political ideas, regardless of denominational affiliation, and you get some more sort of left wing bunching around ideas among Christians across denominations. And so sort of historical denominational ties became less and less significant in this larger political question.

 And one thing I've noticed in some public discourse lately is the way that some people are seeing particular religious commitments from Islam in terms of questions around gender and so forth, or at least communities within Islam are being essentially sort of right coded because they fit with that. And so you have a longstanding and especially, in the last 20, 25 years, often sort of right wing Christian hesitance or suspicion around Islam writ large, but now there's this sort of like small opening of, and yet they're on our side on, you know, whatever this issue of the day is.

So anyway, that's a way of getting back to within the two very broad groups you're talking about of an ideological Christian domination, an ideological secular domination. There's a whole host of other religious groups in the US that don't obviously fit into either of those.

And so I'm just sort of wondering from your research, what do you see has been the place of those communities in this larger question?

Heather Miller Rubens: So I would say our experience at ICJS, and that's mostly what the book is writing from is sort of what does it mean to do this work in a sustained fashion for a long period of time? And so it's, it's telling the stories of folks who are in our fellowship programs, or have been longtime dialogue practitioners at ICJS and, I would say that that that's the sort of basis for a lot of the storytelling.

And so it's, it's more anecdotal than it is sort of holistic. And it's more, it's very much placed in a kind of Baltimore, Maryland context.

Even in Maryland, which values toleration of an incredible amount of diversity, there's been a spike in antisemitic violence, particularly since 2020, and vandalism and hostility. In Montgomery County, there was a series of graffiti attacks that were happening and just an increase in the need for Muslim and Jewish religious communities to always have police presence and or security at all of their houses of worship.

That's the reality of those communities. So the Jewish and Muslim communities may agree on some social issues with certain pockets of Christians, but whether or not they feel safe in communities where those Christians have control, and whether they would be allowed to continue to to practice, I think that that is true. And I think that the other thing is just to realize on the numbers front that we're talking about just a couple percentage points of the whole U. S. population. Maryland again is a, we have a one of the highest, both Jewish populations and Muslim populations in the United States.

So we're able to do interreligious work with communities and practitioners in a way that may not be possible for other American cities, and so I think that that's a real benefit, but the sort of day to day concerns of Muslim and Jewish friends is more about the religious bigotry and sort of religiously inflected violence that they're experiencing.

Stephen Okey: Yeah, I think that makes a lot of sense. I don't think by and large for individuals or movements that are issue driven in some sense that the wellbeing or union with confreres is all that important. And so it makes sense to me on the level of the concerns you identify in the Jewish and Muslim communities are in large part about safety and security and being able to thrive and the interest in at least some Christian communities is much more how is this useful for us and not primarily about the well being of that particular group in and of itself. So that makes sense, to me, anyway.

Heather Miller Rubens: And I would say that there's a way too, I don't want to skip over because we're on the, the Daily Theology Podcast that that theology kind of undergirds this whole discourse and specifically theologies of supersessionism. And I think that that coming, especially in the post Holocaust, Christian theological environment, the real reckoning that happened with, with the idea of what does it mean to think that your religion is the chosen favored religion that then replaces the Jewish community, and sort of the movement to sort of recognizing God, God's covenant, God honoring God's word, and God honoring God's covenants. So then if there's a way to sort of rethink and reframe and undo supersessionism in a certain way, what does that actually look like with when you move that into sort of political theology and questions of public theology.

But I don't want to skip over the sort of logics of supersessionism and how that type of theological thinking is the kind of root problem that we at ICJS are trying to work on because I think that those logics, and I also think that there's a lot of richness in sort of the black theological tradition, in the last sort of 15 years, to think about how the logics of supersessionism have created the environment for anti black racism and anti brown racism. And so again, how those Christian theological concepts can and sort of have unfortunate after lives that have real harm for communities.

And so that sort of challenge of supersessionism, again thinking about that with our Muslim brothers and sisters, I think is a real challenge for both Christian and Muslim traditions in the future.

Stephen Okey: I mean, it's interesting, and this goes back to what you were saying earlier about your own early interest in Hebrew scripture and Judaism is this tension or this connection between two different broad traditions that share a text, and interpret the text differently and the sort of subsequent history of how they interpret that text and how that shapes things is different. There's a strong sort of theological link between Christianity and Judaism. And then there's the strong historical link, especially in terms of Christianity and Judaism in Europe. And one thing I think that we often tend to overlook is, I don't know that there's quite as strong a theological link between Christianity and traditions other than Judaism.

I think that's just sort of a historical reality probably. But the historical connections between Christianity and other traditions are much richer and less focused on, I think, than many Christians often realize.

Heather Miller Rubens: Yeah, I would challenge that

Stephen Okey: No, please do. You're, you're the expert on this.

Heather Miller Rubens: on this. And again, I was trained in Christian Jewish relations, so I still feel like a novice in Christian Muslim relations, but you don't get Aquinas without Muslim interlocutors.

Stephen Okey: That's true. Yeah.

Heather Miller Rubens: And so you really have, especially in that kind of Mediterranean basis, we grew up together, like, all 3 traditions are influencing, borrowing, challenging each other for for a really long period of time.

And we don't exist without each other in a, in a really sort of an Aquinas is the easy shorthand example to

Stephen Okey: No, that's fair. That's, that's, that's a totally fair pushback. I think part of what I'm thinking about is, and I, and I don't know, I'm more of a novice on this question, I think, than you are, but so many questions that seem so central to Christian theology, like the concept of the Messiah, right? This is a thing that Christianity imports from, or I don't know if imports is the right word, but develops from the Jewish tradition. The concept of covenant and the sort of shift from talking about, you know, the, the people of God as the people of Israel to the people of God as the church.

These are sort of the things I guess I'm thinking about as like the, the obvious theological connections. When you get to the point where, you know, Aquinas is drawing on Avicenna and Averroes, and Maimonides from the Jewish tradition, there is something about that that seems a bit different in terms of, and again, also correct me I'm this, but one of the things that sometimes tilts then towards Supersessionism is the way that some Christians will see Judaism as sort of like the, I don't know, the field in which Christianity is planted and blooms and flowers from, and it, it comes across also sometimes in the, what is it, the elder brother in faith, right? Like that's another phrase. And there's not quite the same sense of, like in the family model, where does Islam fit? Um, is it like the younger cousin or, I don't know, next door neighbor.

I don't know. But I think that's part of what I'm, I think that's part of what I'm thinking about in terms of the theological connections and how they, the valence of them seems very different to me between Christian and Judaism and Christianity and Islam. And then I think probably more attenuated with other traditions beyond that.

Heather Miller Rubens: I mean, I think that there's a certain particularity and specificity of shared scripture in the Jewish Christian relationship, but I would say with Islam, you have shared figures, right? So Abraham, a whole book of the Qur'an is dedicated to Mary

Stephen Okey: Yeah.

Heather Miller Rubens: and Jesus is in the Qur'an as well. And so you have a really rich tradition in the Qur'an, which the Muslims will recognize as as revelation of all of these stories and figures and imaginings, and if you, you spend time both looking at the Qur'an and then looking at the exegetical traditions around the Qur'an, it illuminates ways to go back to, I think, the Christian Bible and Christian scriptures as well.

And I would say that possibility has really been encouraged and supported by Pope Francis and his papacy and even Fratelli Tutti is just such a lovely encyclical about what does it mean to have these conversations. Though I would say Fratelli Tutti does tilt towards the sort of dialogue of daily life or the dialogue also, right, the, the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue has the sort of fourfold types of dialogue that are understood and I'm, I'm paraphrasing here, so don't, don't quote me on this, but there's the dialogue of daily life.

There's a dialogue of sort of like. I would say civic projects, like common problems, right Fratelli Tutti looks, it says we're sharing this planet and there's an environmental crisis. There's a crisis of poverty. How do we address these problems together? And Christianity and Islam again, looking ahead, are going to be the, the sort of two big players on the global stage, right? While in the U. S. context, Muslims only make up less than 3 percent of the population in the global context, Christianity and Islam are the two big kids on the block. And so, we need to figure this out in a meaningful way.

But then I think that the right, the two other types of dialogue. So we've got daily life, civic projects. Then we've got the dialogues of theological exchange. So these types of dialogues and then the dialogue of mysticism, which I always, I always forget because I'm not a practitioner, but I think that there actually is a really important access point there. And we actually have experimented in the last couple of years with people sharing their spiritual practices with one another. And what does it mean to talk about that? What does it mean to talk about your prayer life with someone else?

And then to hear them talk about their prayer life is actually so powerful and so incredible. The sort of mystical exchange part, it's not something I've trained in or, or, or, uh, have regularly practiced, but I actually have, like, I am, I am now totally on board with, with having that be part of the conversation because I think that there's a, a real beauty there to hear about someone else's spiritual practices and spiritual life.

Stephen Okey: It's a great thing, even just without the inter religious dimension of it, even just in a single tradition. It's incredibly striking to do that work with students who have whatever religious background or training or experience or positions that they have when they bring to the course, they're often really struck by trying out a practice that they are not familiar with, even if it comes from a tradition that they identify with. And I think some of that is, and maybe this goes back to the sort of, in a funny way, kind of the, the privatization of religion part of the secularization thesis, which is that modes of prayer are often things that it seems like people don't reflect on in any kind of deliberate way, and so even having conversations with, I mean, in an ecumenical context, you know, conversations that I've been a part of between Roman Catholic and Baptist students or various Protestant students, is even the, there's a tension over memorized prayers versus extemporaneous prayer and how one, um, for people on each side, one has seemed more authentic or has seemed more reverent, and just sort of the way that they cast these things is so fascinating to me. And so I haven't had the opportunity to do it, but I can imagine sort of extending that out with other traditions would be really fascinating with students.

Heather Miller Rubens: Yeah, actually intentionally we do work with Christian seminarians, Jewish, rabbinical students, and future Muslim religious leaders. Sometimes they identify as seminarians, sometimes they don't, and intentionally brought that into our kind of, we do a week long intensive retreat study course with those three communities and the possibility and opportunity of presenting worship became a sort of central feature of what we did this year in a really interesting way. And so all of those sort of Muslim students did an instructional moment, they invited us to watch them do evening prayers and folks were invited to participate if they wanted to do so, and were given sort of help and guidance and instructions.

And then all the Christian students, which was an interesting thing too, because we had folks who were at CUA and we had folks who were from Fuller, so I will try. We had a really broad, broad range of of Christians as well as to whether they wanted to share some sort of communion, Eucharist, something.

We actually also had an ordained Catholic priest who was a part of this program as well, or we ended up doing an Episcopalian prayer service. It was the sort of journey that the students went on through the week as to what they could share and all participate in, and still have it be, register as authentically Christian and two of our folks, we were following the Episcopalian order of prayer service and two of our folks who grew up in an extemporaneous tradition said we want to bring that in. And so we made space, the students, alright the faculty are sort of facilitating, we're not directing this, and so the decision was to make space for that.

So, interspersed within the Episcopalian order of service was extemporaneous Christian prayer and it was, it was, it was, you know, the ecumenical conversation that happens in an interreligious space is fascinating. And then the rabbinical students, led us all also in a sort of regular daily morning prayer service.

But I, I want to go back to that as like a, a bigger topic because the prep work we did as faculty in that space was to really take seriously the question of what happens when you're attending the worship service of another religious community? Are you a participant, or not? And then what, what are the sort of questions that sort of flow from that? And I think that there's a way of, alright Krister Stendahl coins, the phrase, holy envy, that is something that I think is a very much part of interreligious. It's part of the interreligious canon, if I could say that there is such a thing in the United States. And he's offering this reflection, at the time, right, he's a Lutheran Bishop, Krister Stendahl, and he is also faculty at Harvard Divinity School and sort of a leading figure in 20th century Christian thought.

And so he is asked what does it mean for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to be asked to build a house of worship somewhere. And in his sort of response saying, I support the, the Latter-day Saints building their house of worship. He coins this phrase "holy envy".

And there's three aspects of this, if you're not familiar with the phrase. He says, number one, if you want to learn about another religion, ask its adherents, not its enemies. Number two, don't compare your best to their worst, so do apples to apples and oranges to oranges, and number three, to leave room for holy envy, to leave room for the space of being able to see something in another tradition and to admire it and to respect it, but not necessarily adopt it, right? Like, I think that the sort of the concern about appropriation and appropriate appropriation, is a live one, but then the concern about, like, whether or not, if you're incorporating something, is it, is it heretical? Is it idolatrous? Is it somehow breaking with your tradition is sort of a related one.

And so the holy envy as a phrase, I think, leaves open this creative possibility of seeing something and appreciating something, but not necessarily bringing it in. And so we see the opportunity to attend other people's worship as a space where holy envy could possibly, come into the interreligious exchange.

Stephen Okey: So first of all, I had not heard those three conditions before, and those first two just seem almost universally applicable, uh, in any kind of engagement or conversation. To the third too, and I, I was thinking about this a little bit when you were talking about this group of students that you had and you're trying to sort of navigate what is a ritual that we can actually celebrate together, that it sounded like that the Christians within the community could all be on board with is what it sounded like, is that fair?

Heather Miller Rubens: Yeah, so, so there's a difference between an interfaith event where you're, you're trying to make the event where everybody can participate. And then what we're trying to do in this is to actually have a, a Muslim event, a Jewish event, and a Christian event where the other folks can observe, and ask questions about and, and see what it's like to worship in another religious tradition. So it's a slight, slightly different ask.

Stephen Okey: And it's interesting in that, because the narrative that you have, there's already this part of sort of like, ritual flexibility within it. And I think a sort of common vision of ritual is that it's not terribly flexible, it's deliberately ordered and structured in such a way, and, I mean, clearly rituals have developed historically over time, they're not always identical to what they were 50, 100, 1000 years ago, but whenever you are tinkering with them, there's this sort of question or this tension about, like, is there a point at which this moves away from, in that case, the Christians are, what are they representing to these other traditions who are watching it when they're already kind of tinkering with, you know, particular aspects of it?

I think about this, question I ask intro undergrads, we'll talk about the concept of tradition. And I think I've used this example of a podcast before, so I'm, I'm sorry to any of my listeners who've heard me talk about this, but I'll ask them about, what are traditions you and your family have? And we'll often, if it's a fall semester course, we'll kind of zero in on Thanksgiving and you know, what are your traditions around Thanksgiving and that sort of thing. And I'll start sort of posing adjustments to that in terms of who is invited or what are you eating or what is the order of the day and at what point do you get to something where it's just not recognizably Thanksgiving anymore, where the tradition has changed and it's super unclear actually because it's you know you can have a thousand steps before you get there.

And so it's interesting to think about that and this idea of holy envy and that there's something about admiring another tradition and respecting it and potentially sometimes drawing something from it, but also not trying to take all the things you like from it because ripping from the context in and of itself adjusts the meaning of it on some level.

Heather Miller Rubens: Yeah, and is arguably an act of violence in some way, or could be an act of violence in some way. And I think the other aspect of this and the way we framed it as faculty for these future religious leaders. Right? Again, it's so wonderful to be able to work with seminarians and rabbinical students and sort of Muslim, you know, folks who are committed to serving their communities in some way and are also going to be interfaith leaders in the respective geographic locations where they find themselves.

And so to, to sort of prepare them for that type of work and what they can lead their communities in, but we also talk about the sort of host guest dynamic and the sort of value of hospitality, and what does it mean when you're the host, right? What's incumbent upon you if you're inviting folks to a house of worship, what do you want them to know about the ritual or the service?

I would say that in Catholic tradition, there's not a lot of explanation, like, when you walk into a mass anywhere in the world, it's like, it's just going on. It's just going on. They're not, there's not a lot of guidance. If you're, if you're totally an outsider, you're kind of like, huh, but other traditions actually have an explanation model, like, kind of built in for this.

Stephen Okey: So I'm at a Catholic institution, we pretty much every fall celebrate mass of the Holy Spirit as like the welcome back to school mass. And I have long described this as accidental first communion, because if you don't tell people upfront, how it goes like a lot of people, especially freshmen who have no experience or knowledge, they're just going to do what everyone around them is doing. And so in the last few years, the monks here have gotten really good about, you know, if you're Catholic or if you receive communion, if you're not cross your arms, all that kind of stuff. But for a long time, it was just sort of like whatever happens, happens, and there wasn't that kind of explanatory, quick intro to what we're doing.

Heather Miller Rubens: Yeah, I mean, it's right. So what, what should you participate in? What should you not participate in? How should you dress? And then the why of all of that, right? Because I think sometimes we can present rules, and they seem arbitrary, and they can, like, actually reinforce stereotypes, and so partly what we try to do is to, to really push them as future religious leaders to explain why, why don't you invite everyone to receive communion?

What does it mean to have an open table? What does it mean that there's a lot of internal Christian dissent around that concept? And to see it as a teaching opportunity. I think that that that movement into the why, like, not only the do's and don'ts, but why, why those rules exist?

And again, going back to sort of my original thing, people are so afraid of having that why type conversation? Because they think that this type of religion talk is necessarily combustible or necessarily going to lead to offense or necessarily going to bring something really negative into a group dynamic.

I want to kind of challenge that and say, no, it actually could be a really incredible opportunity for sharing and for learning and for growth, as long as you're kind of stepping into it with a certain amount of, I would say, humility, right? And a certain amount of curiosity, and a certain amount of charity, for your interlocutor.

Stephen Okey: I think also for a fair number of Christians, they have trouble understanding dialogue as not, in some sense, oriented towards conversion. And that the purpose of presenting the faith is to, I mean, it is to evangelize in terms of spreading the good news, which is fair, but there's this sense that for some, if it's not oriented towards conversion and becoming Christian on some level, then what's the point, or, or it has failed in some sense.

Heather Miller Rubens: You know, the tension between mission and dialogue since Vatican 2 is real, right? And I think that that is entirely unresolved theologically, and in practice. And I think that there are folks who don't want to participate in dialogue that doesn't lead to conversion. So I think you're entirely right on that, that there's a scope of people.

I actually had a Muslim colleague recently talk about the ideas of differentiated labor within religious communities and how, because there is, there's, there's always some folks who show up at ICJS and our programming who have that proselytizing orientation, and that's not always Christians, right?

Muslims, less so Jews, mostly Muslims and Christians, and so trying to sort of help that person say, can you, not suspend it right because it's there and actually owning that and naming that I think is actually really important to be an in good faith partner in the conversation, to sort of say that this is what I'm bringing to the conversation, but I'm going to try to put it over here for a few minutes to listen. Because I think that also is a real issue right if we're constantly working about proclamation, it doesn't actually leave a lot of space for for listening. And so what does it mean to just sit and actually really try to listen to somebody else and understand what they're saying on their terms? That I think is a huge part of it now.

Oh, my colleague, my Muslim colleague, differentiated labor. And so it's like, you know, not everybody in the Muslim community can can teach the 5 year olds, right? That is a gift and a calling for certain types of folks, but everyone in the Muslim community agrees that teaching the 5 year olds is important.

And so somebody needs to do it. And so he's like saying, could that actually be a goal for interreligious dialogue? Maybe not everybody in the Catholic community should be participating in religious dialogue because they can't or don't or, or don't have an orientation or an aptitude for it, or don't feel comfortable doing it.

It doesn't bring them any sort of sense of purpose. But I would like to make the argument that everyone in the Catholic community should be happy that somebody's doing it. And that that's not entirely true. Like, I think that there are some folks who actually are really concerned about interreligious dialogue and want to maintain a sort of orientation towards our mission and proclamation that is geared only towards evangelization and not towards a sense of listening or understanding. And so that that I think is is the challenge, but I don't think there's anything wrong with saying that certain folks that interreligious dialogue isn't for everybody and I don't want to say that in an elitist way because I don't, you know, we, we try to bring in folks who are at all different walks of life and levels of knowledge and comfort.

But I, I think that there are some folks who just aren't, in the same way that not everybody should be teaching the 5 year olds, not everybody is really, that that that isn't their jam within the religious community and that's okay. So,

Stephen Okey: Yeah, I feel this very strongly having a three year old and like, not knowing, and I feel embarrassed as a theologian, I don't necessarily know how to talk to her all the time about religion, but it's my job and I'm her dad. So like, you know, I'll figure it out, but it makes me glad I'm not, I'm not the one teaching the five year olds. It's not my talent.

Heather Miller Rubens: But I, I think that's actually, I would say that some of my best conversations, theological conversations have happened with children, with my own children and with the children of other folks, and in these interreligious spaces, because I would say that there's something about a fresh set of eyes on some of these questions that's really clarifying and in an incredibly wonderful way, and so when somebody's coming in from, like, another tradition, not that they're a child or child-like, the questions are sophisticated, but they're looking at something that you've been looking at your whole life. And they're saying, huh, explain that to me, explain what you think is happening here.

And that, I think is actually, this is what I say to a lot of folks. I think I'm a much better Catholic as a result of interreligious engagement because I have to be able to explain what I'm doing and why I'm doing it on a regular basis in a way that if I wasn't doing interreligious dialogue, I, I, I wouldn't unless I was talking to my, my kids.

Stephen Okey: Yeah, something I tell my students, especially in intro level classes, because there's always, there's a proportion of students who will ask questions and talk every day, there's a proportion who are never, never going to talk if they don't have to, and there's like a sort of a middle group that can go either way. But one of the things I always tell them is, at the beginning of class, at least my approach, I always ask for questions. What questions do you have? You know, from the reading, the topic, from last week, whatever. And I tell them early on, like, my favorite days are usually days where someone has a really good question that ruins whatever I was planning to do that day. Not that I'm not prepared and don't have slides and don't like talking about it. But it's like, if you can throw the game off with a really good question, it's the best day. And I think they get the most out of them too. And it happens probably a couple times a semester in any given class. And I wish more students would take it as a challenge and not just sort of a like isn't he nice

Heather Miller Rubens: I think that's true in adult education as well, that I think we come in with a certain set of plans and a certain also, if you're teaching the same course multiple years again, the sort of seminarians, rabbinical students work, we've done a version of it for almost 10 years. And then in so many ways I'm always thinking about last year's problems when I'm dealing with this year's class, or this year's cohort, and then they come in with a whole new set of issues and problems and challenges and and you have to kind of pivot and adjust and I 100 percent agree that those are the best days and the best conversations when you are are truly listening again, truly listening to your students and truly listening to your dialogue partners and taking them seriously.

I think that that is a sign of both respect for them, but also of real possibility for for for interesting conversation.

Stephen Okey: So as maybe a last question, what are you sort of looking forward to slash hoping for with the ICJS in the next five, 10 years? What's the dream? What's the goal?

Heather Miller Rubens: I would say that the goal is to make the interreligious society, which is our organizational vision, to make a really good model here in Maryland, for what that could look like, and to see it happening across sectors. So, congregational life is certainly part of what we do, supporting both ordained and recognized religious leaders as well as lay leaders within congregations, but we've been expanding to thinking about, justice makers. So it was sort of nonprofit professionals and how they understand justice as an interreligious concept, and then teachers in secondary education.

But we recently partnered with the chaplaincy innovation lab at Brandeis University to do a statewide survey of chaplaincy and spiritual caregiving in Maryland to understand sort of what's happening on that front. And I think that the, the space of spiritual caregiving. Is just incredible, and it's going to be a huge kind of growth arena in the United States, particularly as congregations and denominations are struggling and de-institutionalizing and to understand what's happening.

Um, what kind of spiritual care is happening in secular spaces or in workplaces, and how we can equip people to have better conversations in those spaces. That's the arena for growth that I think we want to kind of lean into. And so, again, this idea of more religion talk, making people a little bit more uncomfortable in different spaces, I think is a really interesting one.

Stephen Okey: I am all for more religion talk.

Heather Miller Rubens: Thinking about the future and ICJS and where we want to be and what kind of work we want to do, I feel a certain urgency around creating an opportunity and a space for people to have conversations about religion because I think that those spaces are shrinking and particularly as the academy and programs are cut at colleges and universities across the country and departments are folding and there's going to be less and less space for people to have conversations around religion, and I think that that's a real need for us as an organization to be able to step into that space as an academic nonprofit and say, can we create online forums or opportunities for folks to learn and to participate in that way, which is why we're trying to keep all of our online courses short and free, and to also create opportunities for folks to participate who may not be able to, to seek a degree, but still want to have an inter religious or an interfaith religious dialogue training. Could we do sort of weekend retreats? Can we do sort of a hybrid where we're, we're talking with a couple folks for a little while online and then do an intensive, in person gathering and how do we make this happen not only for folks who are in seminary or heading into congregational life, but also a reality for everyday Americans who are interested in, in talking about religion and spirituality and the place of religion in our society.

Stephen Okey: Yeah, it's a real challenging context for higher ed today across a lot of different dimensions, especially for theology and religious studies. I think part of your point to, we need more religion talk, speaks to the kind of denigration that theology and religious studies and history of religions, and humanities more broadly often get in society as, you know, useless, nonproductive labor. So I, I think that there's a lot to commend this idea of more religion talk, because the degree to which we downgrade, or set aside religion talk in society is an enormous problem or part of the problem.

Heather Miller Rubens: Yeah, and not only do we sort of say that it's useless, but other times we view it as just dangerous. And so, therefore, I think that those are the 2, 2, 2, you know, does it not serve a function or is it actually going to be harmful? And I think that if there's a way to say, no, there's a possibility for this to actually be creative and life giving and to create a community of flourishing by having these types of conversations.

That's the type of space that I want to lean into and not to be, naive or, or, or pollyannish about the sort of difficult histories that are, are present within interreligious encounter and inter-religious thinking that there, there's some really awful things that have happened, in the present day and historically as a result of religious thinking and religious communities gaining power and imposing their power on other folks. I don't want to say that that's, but that's not the only story, right? Like that, you have to have that that sort of good religion, bad religion trap that folks either want to say religion is all good all the time or religion is all bad all the time.

How do we say? No, it's both right? Because we're humans and we're the ones who are sort of bringing this into existence, but we need to explore ways in which religion and religious communication can actually lead to sort of life giving possibilities for us as a human community.

Stephen Okey: Yeah, I think it's good and important too to recognize there's clearly the concern for as you talk about, people going into religious leadership in various traditions, people in the broader public, and their sort of formation and understanding and making that available.

And I think also, and this is part of what, well, at least my sense of part of what, you know, you work in is you're working in an academic environment that is something other than a university. And I think that part of the challenges for theology and religious studies and related fields in the future is thinking through the challenges that these disciplines face.

What is that going to look like in the next 10, 15, 20 years, with the decline of theology faculties or religious studies faculties or the decline of the humanities more broadly, or the decline of the role of these kinds of disciplines within core curricula, and the training and formation of future scholars of theology and religion within a context that doesn't have the same sort of economic demand for them, even with what I think is probably a social need for them.

Heather Miller Rubens: Yeah, I think the, the challenge of how this type of work fits into a certain vision of the economy, and a practice of the economy is, I think one of the bigger challenges for just religious studies in general and theology in general, but also for interreligious studies as well.

Stephen Okey: Well Heather, thank you so much for talking with me today.

Heather Miller Rubens: Well, thank you so much for the invitation and for the great conversation.

[Music Transition]

Stephen Okey: This episode of the Daily Theology Podcast was produced by Stephen Okey.

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Dr. Anne Michelle Carpenter is an Assistant Professor of Theology at St. Mary’s College of California in Moraga, CA. She earned her BA in History and Theology from Franciscan University of Steubenville, and then earned an MA and a PhD in Systematic Theology from Marquette University. Her research interests focus on the interrelations between aesthetics and metaphysics, with particular interest in the work of Hans Urs von Balthasar. She is the author of Theo-Poetics: Hans Urs von Balthasar and the Risk of Art and Being (University of Notre Dame Press, 2015).

Dr. Megan McCabe is an Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Gonzaga University in Spokane, WA. She earned her BA in Theology from Fordham University, her MTS in Moral Theology from University of Notre Dame, and her PhD in Theological Ethics from Boston College. Her current research focuses on the idea of “cultures of sin,” drawing on Fr. Bryan Massingale’s work on racism to talk about sexual violence. She has been published in Sojourners, America Magazine, and Daily Theology. For the America pieces we discuss in this episode, see:

• “Why Catholic moral theology is a sign of hope in today’s church” (interview with Bill McCormick, SJ, 2019)
• “Create in Me A Just Heart: Treating pornography as a structure of sin” (2016)

Dr. Katie Grimes is an Assistant Professor of Theological Ethics at Villanova University. She earned her BA in philosophy and her MTS from the University of Notre Dame, and her PhD in Theological Ethics from Boston College. She is the author of two books: Fugitive Saints: Catholicism and the Politics of Slavery (Fortress, 2017) and Christ Divided: Antiblackness as Corporate Vice (Fortress, 2017). She has also written for Political Theology and Journal of Religious Ethics among others.

Dr. Holly Taylor Coolman is an Assistant Professor of Theology at Providence College in Providence, RI. She did her undergraduate studies at Wheaton College, her masters at Princeton Theological Seminary, and her doctoral work at Duke University. Her research interests are in Christianity and Judaism, ecclesiology, and the theology of St. Thomas Aquinas. Her work has been published in Journal of Moral Theology, Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations, and America Magazine among others.

Micah Kiel is Professor of Theology at St. Ambrose University in Davenport, IA. He earned his BA in Music Performance at St. John’s University in Collegeville, MN, and he then went on to earn his MDiv and his PhD in Biblical Studies from Princeton Theological Seminary. He is the author of The “Whole Truth”: Rethinking Retribution in the Book of Tobit (T&T Clark, 2014) and Apocalyptic Ecology: The Book of Revelation, the Earth, and the Future (Michael Glazier, 2017). His research focuses on Biblical studies and apocalyptic texts.

Prof. Philip A. Cunningham is Professor of Theology and Director of the Institute for Jewish-Catholic Relations at Saint Joseph’s University in Philadelphia, PA. He earned his BA in History and MsEd from Fordham, his MA in religious education from LaSalle University, and his PhD in Religion and Education from Boston College. He is most recently the author of Seeking Shalom: The Journey to Right Relationship between Catholics and Jews (Eerdmans, 2015), and the co-editor of Christ Jesus and the Jewish People Today: New Explorations of Theological Interrelationships (Eerdmans, 2011) and The Catholic Church and the Jewish People: Recent Reflections from Rome (Fordham University Press, 2007).

Special thanks for this episode to Dr. Matthew Tapie, Director of the Center for Catholic Jewish Studies at Saint Leo University making the recording of this conversation possible.

Dr. Daniella Zsupan-Jerome is Director of the MA in Pastoral Leadership and Professor of Pastoral Theology at Notre Dame Seminary in New Orleans, LA. She earned he BA from University of Notre Dame, Masters degrees from St. John’s University in Collegeville and Yale Divinity School, and her PhD in Theology and Education from the Boston College School of Theology and Ministry. She is the author of Connected Toward Communion: The Church and Social Communication in the Digital Age (Michael Glazier, 2014). She has written in the past for the Daily Theology blog.

Fr. Robert Imbelli is Associate Professor Emeritus of Theology at Boston College, where he taught for thirty years. Prior to that, he taught at St. Joseph’s Seminary (colloquially known as Dunwoodie) in New York. He earned his BA from Fordham University, his STL from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, and his PhD in Systematic Theology from Yale. His most recent book is Rekindling the Christic Imagination: Theological Meditations for the New Evangelization (Liturgical Press, 2014). He also edited Handing on the Faith: The Church’s Mission and Challenge (Crossroad, 2006), which came out of a meeting organized by Boston College’s Church in the 21st Century Center. Fr. Imbelli has written widely for popular audiences, including for America, Commonweal, and First Things.

Katherine Schmidt is an Assistant Professor of Theology at Molloy College in Rockville Centre, NY.  She earned her BA in Political Science and Theology at Mount St. Mary’s University, and her MA in Theological Studies and PhD in Theology from the University of Dayton.  She teaches courses on American religion, theology and technology, and religious ethics.  Her research focuses on the intersection of theology and technology.  Her book, Virtual Communion: Theology of the Internet and the Catholic Sacramental Imagination, is forthcoming from Lexington Books.

Dr. Joseph K. Gordon is an Associate Professor of Theology at Johnson University in Kissimmee, FL.  He earned his PhD in Systematic Theology and Ethics from Marquette University, his MDiv from Lincoln Christian Seminary, and his BA from Johnson University.  He became an ordained minister in the Christian Churches/Churches of Christ in 2009.  His research focuses on systematic and biblical theology, including his forthcoming book Divine Scripture in Human Understanding: A Systematic Theology of the Christian Bible (University of Notre Dame Press).  He also has a book forthcoming on the theology of Bernard Lonergan, SJ, entitled Bernard Lonergan: A Primer for Understanding his Life and Work (Wipf and Stock).

Special thanks for this episode to Dr. Matthew Tapie, Director of the Center for Catholic Jewish Studies at Saint Leo University making the recording of this conversation possible.

Dr. Pim Valkenberg is the Ordinary Professor of Religion and Culture at the Catholic University of America. He earned his BA in theology and religious studies at Utrecht State University, his MA, MDiv, and PhD at the Catholic Theological University of Utrecht. He previously taught at the Catholic University of Nijmegen and Loyola University Maryland. His research focuses on Catholic-Muslim dialogue. He has worked on the Mid-Atlantic Muslim-Catholic Dialogue (sponsored by the Islamic Circle of North America and the USCCB) since 2008. He is the author of Renewing Islam by Service: A Christian View of Fethullah Gülen and the Hizmet Movement (CUA Press, 2015), co-editor (with Anthony Cirelli) of Nostra Aetate: Celebrating 50 Years of the Catholic Church’s dialogue with Jews and Muslims (CUA Press, 2016), and editor of the textbook World Religions in Dialogue, Enhanced Edition: A Comparative Theological Approach(Anselm Academic, 2017).

Special thanks for this episode to Dr. Matthew Tapie, Director of the Center for Catholic Jewish Studies at Saint Leo University making the recording of this conversation possible.

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Dr. Gregory Hillis is an Associate Professor of Theology at Bellarmine University in Louisville, KY. He has BA degrees from Rocky Mountain College, and he earned his MA and PhD from McMaster University. He has done research on Patristic theology, particularly Cyril of Alexandria, but more recently has focused on the life and work of Thomas Merton. He has published in Studia Patristica, America Magazine, and First Things He also writes the blog My Unquiet Heart, and has previously written for Daily Theology.

Special thanks to the Catholic Theological Society of America for providing the opportunity for this episode to be recorded at its 2017 annual convention.

Dr. Victoria Barnett is the Director of Programs on Ethics, Religion, and the Holocaust at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC. She is an alumna of Indiana University, Union Theological Seminary, and George Mason University. She has published several books, including For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler (Oxford, 1992) and Bystanders: Conscience and Complicity during the Holocaust (Greenwood Press, 1999). From 2004-14, she was one of the general editors for The Complete Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works Series from Fortress Press.

Special thanks for this episode to Dr. Matthew Tapie, Director of the Center for Catholic Jewish Studies at Saint Leo University, for all his work to bring Dr. Barnett to campus and for making this conversation possible.

Dr. Jason King is a Professor of Theology at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe, PA. He earned his BA from Berea College, and his MA and PhD from the Catholic University of America. His research focuses on moral theology, with particular interest in relationships, families, and Catholic identity. He is the author most recently of Faith with Benefits: Hookup Culture on Catholic Campuses (Oxford, 2017). He has also co-written two books with Donna Freitas: Killing the Imposter God: Philip Pullman’s Spiritual Imagination in His Dark Materials (Jossey-Bass, 2007) and Save the Date: A Spirituality of Dating, Love, Dinner, and the Divine (Crossroad, 2003). He is a blogger for Catholic Moral Theology.

Special thanks to the College Theology Society for enabling this episode to be recorded at the 2017 annual convention.

Dr. Kevin Glauber Ahern is an Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Manhattan College in Riverdale, NY. After earning his BA from Fordham University, he served for four years as President of the International Movement of Catholic Students (IMCS-Pax Romana) in Paris. He then returned to the study of theology, earning an MA and PhD in Theological Ethics from Boston College. He is the author of Structures of Grace: Catholic Organizations Serving the Global Common Good (Orbis, 2015) and editor of Visions of Hope: Emerging Theologians and the Future of the Church (Orbis, 2012) and The Radical Bible (Orbis, 2009). Most recently he and Meghan J. Clark co-edited a festschrift in honor of David Hollenbach, SJ, titled Public Theology and the Global Common Good: The Contribution of David Hollenbach (Orbis, 2016).

Special thanks to the College Theology Society for enabling this episode to be recorded at the 2017 annual convention.

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Kim and Reggie Harris are widely regarded musicians, storytellers, and educators, who have toured extensively throughout the United States and the world. Kim is a Visiting Professor in Theological Studies at Loyola Marymount University and a liturgical consultant for the Office of Black Ministry in the Archdiocese of New York. She earned a Ph.D. from Union Theological Seminary. Her dissertation project included creating “Welcome Table: A Mass of Spirituals,” along with M. Roger Holland II. Reggie is the Music Director for the Living Legacy Project, which focuses on civil rights and is affiliated with the Unitarian Universalist Church. Together they have produced numerous albums, including “Steal Away: Songs Of The Underground Railroad” (1998), “Let My People Go! A Jewish and African American Celebration of Freedom” (2005), “Get On Board! Underground Railroad & Civil Rights Freedom Songs, Vol. 2” (2007), and “Resurrection Day” (2012).

Special thanks to Saint Leo University’s School of Arts and Sciences for making this interview possible.

 Rabbi Abraham Skorka is the Rector of the Latin American Rabbinical Seminary in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was ordained a rabbi in 1973, and in 1979 he completed a Ph.D. in chemistry at the University of Buenos Aires. In 2010, he and then-Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio published Sobre el cielo y la tierra, which was based on a series of conversations they held for TV on issues ranging from science to faith to abortion to the 1970s in Argentina. Following Bergoglio’s election to the papacy, the text was translated into numerous languages; the English edition is On Heaven and Earth (Image, 2015).

Special thanks for this episode to Dr. Matthew Tapie, Director of the Center for Catholic Jewish Studies at Saint Leo University, for all his work to bring Rabbi Skorka to campus and for making this conversation possible.

Dr. Anita Houck is an Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Saint Mary’s College in Notre Dame, IN. She earned her BA from Wesleyan University, an M.Ed. from Harvard University, and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. Along with Mary Doak, she is the co-editor of Translating Religion (Orbis, 2013).

Special thanks to the College Theology Society for allowing this episode to be recorded at the 2016 annual meeting.

Prof. Mary Ellen Konieczny is an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Notre Dame, and she holds the Henkels Family Collegiate Chair. She is also currently a fellow at the Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study, a faculty fellow at the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, and a faculty fellow at the Center for the Study of Religion and Society. She earned her BS from Notre Dame, her MDiv from Weston Jesuit School of Theology, and her PhD from the University of Chicago. She is the author of The Spirit’s Tether: Family, Work, and Religion among American Catholics (Oxford University Press, 2013) and the forthcoming Service before Self: Organization, Cultural Conflict, and Religion at the U.S. Air Force Academy. Along with Charlie Camosy and Tricia Bruce, she is the co-editor of Polarization in the US Catholic Church: Naming the Wounds, Beginning to Heal (Liturgical Press, 2016). Her next project, “Our Lady of Kibeho: Exploring Marian Devotion in East Africa,” will take her to Rwanda for research on the interplay of post-genocide reconciliation and religious practice. She can be found on Twitter, for which she credits Charlie Camosy.

Special thanks to Tara Durheim of Liturgical Press for helping to arrange this episode.

 Dr. Tricia Bruce is an Associate Professor of Sociology at Maryville College in Maryville, TN. She earned her BA in Sociology and Communication from Southwestern University and her MA and PhD in Sociology from UC Santa Barbara. She is the author of Faithful Revolution: How Voice of the Faithful Is Changing the Church (Oxford University Press, 2011) and the forthcoming Parish & Place (Oxford University Press, 2017). She is also the co-editor (along with Mary Ellen Konieczny and Charles C. Camosy) of Polarization in the US Catholic Church: Naming the Wounds, Beginning to Heal (Liturgical Press, 2016), which you hear us discuss in the podcast. You can find also find her on Twitter.

Special thanks to Tara Durheim of Liturgical Press for helping to arrange this episode.

 Prof. Andrew Prevot is an assistant professor of theology at Boston College in Chestnut Hill, MA. He earned his BA from Colorado College, and his MTS and PhD from the University of Notre Dame. He recently published his first book, Thinking Prayer (University of Notre Dame Press, 2015), which won the College Theology Society’s Best Book in Theology Award for 2015. It will also be the subject of a forthcoming symposium from Syndicate.

Special thanks to the College Theology Society for allowing this episode to be recorded at the 2016 annual meeting.

Dr. Susanne Scholz is Professor of Old Testament at Perkins School of Theology at Southern Methodist University. She earned her M.Phil, S.T.M., and Ph.D. degrees from Union Theological Seminary in New York and and M.Div equivalent degree from the University of Heidelberg. Her research focuses on feminist interpretations of scripture and violence, especially against women, in religious texts. She is the author of numerous books, includingRape Plots: A Feminist Cultural Study of Genesis 34 (Peter Lang, 2002), Biblical Studies Alternatively: An Introductory Reader (Pearson, 2002), Introducing the Women’s Hebrew Bible (Introductions in Feminist Theology) (Bloomsbury, 2007), and Sacred Witness: Rape in the Hebrew Bible (Fortress Press, 2010). She has also edited or co-edited God Loves Diversity and Justice: Progressive Scholars Speak about Faith, Politics, and the World (Lexington Books, 2013), Feminist Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Retrospect. I. Biblical Books (Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2013), Feminist Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Retrospect. II. Social Locations (Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2013), Hidden Truths from Eden: Esoteric Readings of Genesis 13 (Semeia Studies) (SBL Press, 2014), and La Violencia and the Hebrew Bible: The Politics and Histories of Biblical Hermeneutics on the American Continent (Semeia Studies) (SBL Presss, 2016).

Prof. Charles Curran is the Elizabeth Scurlock University Professor of Human Values atSouthern Methodist University. He holds STD degrees from Academia Alfonsiana and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, an STL from the Gregorian, and a BA from St. Bernard’s College in Rochester, NY. He previously taught at the Catholic University of Americafrom 1965-1986. He has served as the president of the Catholic Theological Society of America, the Society of Christian Ethics, and the American Theological Society. He is the author of numerous books, including Tradition and Church Reform: Perspectives on Catholic Moral Teaching (Orbis Books, 2016); The Development of Moral Theology: Five Strands (Moral Traditions) (Georgetown University Press, 2013); Catholic Moral Theology in the United States: A History (Moral Traditions) (Georgetown University Press, 2008); and The Catholic Moral Tradition Today: A Synthesis (Moral Traditions) (Georgetown University Press, 1999). For more of his biography, check out Loyal Dissent: Memoir of a Catholic Theologian (Georgetown University Press, 2006).

Francis Sullivan, SJ, is Professor Emeritus of the Pontifical Gregorian Universityin Rome, where he taught from 1956-1992 and served as dean from 1962-1970. Following his retirement from the Greg, he taught at Boston College until 2009. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1938 at age 16, was ordained a priest in 1951, and completed his dissertation (The Christology of Theodore of Mopsuestia) in 1955. He is the author of numerous books, with a special focus on ecclesiology: Charisms and Charismatic Renewal: A Biblical and Theological Study (Wipf & Stock, 2004), Magisterium: Teaching Authority in the Catholic Church (Wipf & Stock, 2002), The Church We Believe in: One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic (Paulist Press, 1988), Salvation Outside the Church: Tracing the History of the Catholic Response (Wipf & Stock, 2002), Creative Fidelity: Weighing and Interpreting Documents of the Magisterium (Wipf & Stock, 2003), and From Apostles to Bishops: The Development of the Episcopacy in the Early Church (Paulist Press, 2001).

John F. Baldovin, S.J., is professor ofhistorical and liturgical theology at theBoston CollegeSchool of Theology and Ministry. He is a priest of the New YorkProvince of the Society of Jesus. He received his B.A. from theCollege of theHoly Cross, an M.Div. from Weston School of Theology, an M.A.,M.Phil. and Ph.D. from Yale University. Baldovin has taught at Fordham University,the JesuitSchool of Theology at Berkeley, and, since 1999 at Weston andnow Boston College’s School of Theology and Ministry. He has alsobeen visiting professor at the University of Notre Dame and St.John Vianney National Seminary in Pretoria, South Africa. He servedon the advisory committee for the Bishops’ Committee on the Liturgyof the USCCB as well as the advisory committee of the International Commissionon English in the Liturgy (ICEL) from 1994 to 2002. He is pastpresident of the North American Academy of Liturgy (NAAL) as wellas the international ecumenical Societas Liturgica. He received theBerakah Award for distinguished achievement from the NAAL in 2007.He is also past-president of the International Jungmann Society forJesuits and the Liturgy. Baldovin has published on liturgy widelyin journals including Worship, TheologicalStudies, America, andCommonweal. Hiswritings have been translated into French, German, Spanish,Japanese, and Albanian. He has a number of presentations with NowYou Know Media, the latest of which, “Lent, Holy Week and Easter,” has recently beenreleased. His books includeThe Urban Character of ChristianWorship: The Origins, Development and Meaning of StationalLiturgy (Orientalia Christiana analecta 228, Rome, PontificalOriental Institute Press, 1987, Reprinted, 2002), Liturgy in AncientJerusalem (Alcuin/GROW Studies in Worship, Bramcote,Nottingham: Grove Books, 1989), Worship: City, Church andRenewal (Washington, DC: Pastoral Press, 1991), Bread of Life, Cup ofSalvation: Understanding the Mass (Lanham, MD: Rowman andLittlefield, 2003), Reforming the Liturgy: A Response to theCritics(Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2008). He has alsoco-edited Commentary on the Order of Mass of the RomanMissal (Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2011) and (withDavid Farina Turnbloom) Catholic Sacraments: A Rich Source ofBlessings (New York: Paulist Press, 2015). Fr. Baldovin,along with Mike Avery, helped found the journal Lumen et Vita, the graduate academic journal ofthe BC School of Theology and Ministry.

Dr. Jessica Wrobleski is an Assistant Professor of Theology and Religious Studies atWheeling Jesuit University in Wheeling, WV. She previously taught at Saint Mary’s College in South Bend, IN. She earned her Ph.D. in Religious Studies from Yale University in 2009, writing her dissertation under the direction of Margaret Farley, RSM. She later published that dissertation as The Limits of Hospitality (Liturgical Press, 2012). Her research focuses on ethics and particularly social and political ethics. You can also find Prof. Wrobleski’s online writing at the Catholic Moral Theology blog.

Special thanks to Wheeling Jesuit’s Philosophy Club, “Sense and Nonsense,” whose generous support made this conversation possible.

Fr. Timothy Radcliffe, OP is a Dominican friar, a Catholic priest, and a biblical scholar. He was the Master of the Order of Preachers from 1992 to 2001. Since 2014, he has served as the director of the Las Casas Institute at Blackfriars, Oxford, which “examines issues concerned with human dignity in the light of Catholic Social teaching.” In 2015, Pope Francis named him a consultor to the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. He is the author of several books, including Seven Last Words (Burns & Oates, 2005) and Why Go to Church? The Drama of the Eucharist (Bloomsbury, 2009). His 2005 book What is the Point of Being a Christian? (Burns & Oates) won the Michael Ramsey Prize.

 Dr. John Borelli is the Special Assistant to the President for Interreligious Initiatives atGeorgetown University. He previously served as the associate director of the Secretariat for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs at the USCCB. He earned his BA in Philosophy fromSaint Louis University and his PhD in History of Religions and Theology from Fordham University. He is an internationally recognized expert on interreligious dialogue. He was the editor of The Quest for Unity: Orthodox and Catholics in Dialogue : Documents of the Joint International Commission and Official Dialogues in the United States, 1965-1995 (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1996) and co-author (along with Michael L. Fitzgerald) ofInterfaith Dialogue: A Catholic View (Orbis, 2006).

Special thanks go to Dr. Matthew Tapie of the Center for Catholic Jewish Studies at Saint Leo University, who made this conversation possible.

Dr. Timothy O’Malley specializes in a historical-theological approach to liturgical studies. He has specific interests in liturgical homiletics (with an emphasis on Augustinian thought), the biblical and liturgical foundations of Christian doctrine, theological aesthetics, and the role of liturgical renewal in the ressourcement movement. He is the author of Liturgy and the New Evangelization: Practicing the Art of Self-Giving Love (Liturgical Press, 2014). As director of the Notre Dame Center for Liturgy, he engages in scholarship that seeks to retrieve biblical, catechetical, and liturgical insights that facilitates a renewal of the Church’s liturgical imagination. He is also founding editor of the Institute for Church Life’s journal, Church Life: A Journal for the New Evangelization.

Dr. Natalia Imperatori-Lee is an Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Manhattan Collegein Riverdale, NY. She earned her BA from Fordham University, her MA from the University of Chicago Divinity School, and her PhD from the University of Notre Dame. Her research interests focus on Ecclesiology, with a particular interest in feminist theology, Mariology, and the Church. Her current book project (which she discusses in the episode) is on the importance of narrative in Catholic Ecclesiology. She is also the co-editor (with Julia Brumbaugh) of Turnings: Theological Reflections on a Cosmological Conversion: Essays in Honor of Elizabeth A. Johnson (Michael Glazier, 2016), a forthcoming festschrift in honor of Fordham theologian Beth Johnson.

The Daily Theology Podcast was very fortunate this summer to record several conversations at the 70th annual convention of the Catholic Theological Society of America (CTSA). This is the fourth and final of these conversations, and we are grateful to the CTSA for making them possible.

Tobias Winright is the Hubert Mäder Endowed Associate Professor of Health Care Ethics at the Albert Gnaegi Center for Health Care Ethics at Saint Louis University and an Associate Professor of Theological Ethics in theDepartment of Theological Studies at SLU. He previously taught at Simpson College in Indianola, IA and Walsh University in North Canton, OH. He earned his AA in Liberal Arts from St. Petersburg Junior College, his BA in Political Science from University of South Florida, an MDiv from Duke University Divinity School, and an MA and PhD in Moral Theology from the University of Notre Dame. Widely published, he has written and edited several volumes, including After the Smoke Clears: The Just War Tradition and Post War Justice (Orbis, 2010, co-authored with Mark Allman) and Green Discipleship: Catholic Theological Ethics and the Environment (Anselm Academic, 2011). Most recently, he and Laurie Johnston co-edited Can War Be Just in the 21st Century? (Orbis, 2015). His work can also be found on the Catholic Moral Theology andPolitical Theology Today blogs.

The Daily Theology Podcast was very fortunate this summer to record several conversations at the 70th annual convention of the Catholic Theological Society of America (CTSA). This is the third of four such conversations, and we are grateful to the CTSA for making these possible.

Andrew Staron is an Assistant Professor of Theology and Religious Studies at Wheeling Jesuit University in Wheeling, WV. He earned his PhD in Theology from the Catholic University of America, his MA from the University of Chicago Divinity School, and his AB from Georgetown University. His research and teaching focus on the theology of love and the Catholic imagination. You can find all his posts for DT here. Originally from Cleveland, OH, Andy continues to live in eschatological hope of a Cavaliers’ championship and/or a Browns’ Superbowl.

Thomas L. Humphries is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy, Theology, and Religion at Saint Leo University. He earned a BS in Forestry and a BA in Philosophy from the University of the South (Sewanee), an MA in Systematic Theology from the Catholic University of America, and a PhD in Historical Theology from Emory University. There, under the direction of Lewis Ayres, he wrote his dissertation on Pneumatology in the Latin Fathers. That text was revised and published as Ascetic Pneumatology from John Cassian to Gregory the Great (Oxford, 2013) as part of the Oxford Early Christian Studies series. Beyond his interests in patristics, spirituality, and theological anthropology, Tommy is also a volunteer firefighter in Pasco County, FL.

Matthew Shadle is an Associate Professor of Theology and Religious Studiesat Marymount University in Arlington, VA. He was previously an Associate Professor of Religious Studies and Theology at Loras College in Dubuque, IA. He earned his BA from Hendrix College and his MA and PhD from theUniversity of Dayton. His research has focused especially on war and peace ethics as well as Catholic Social Teaching and economics. He is the author ofThe Origins of War: A Catholic Perspective (Georgetown University Press, 2011), which is part of the Moral Traditions series. He has also published articles in the journals Political Theology, Horizons, and Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics. You can also find his work on the Catholic Moral Theology and Political Theology Today blogs.

Michael Murphy is Director of Catholic Studies, an interdisciplinary program at Loyola University Chicago, and teaches courses in both Theology and English. Mike’s interest in the scholarly possibilities for interdisciplinarity began to take shape at the precise moment he finished “The Enduring Chill” by Flannery O’Connor as an undergraduate at the University of San Francisco. He recalls setting the text on his chest and then erupting out loud, “Behold the many threads we are asked to contemplate! This needs something more than what the homespun English major is prepared to supply”—or something to that effect. The subsequent issues interrogated in his Master’s thesis, Flannery O’Connor: From Paradox to Mystery, were also masonry for his first book, A Theology of Criticism: Balthasar, Postmodernism, and the Catholic Imagination (Oxford, 2008), a text that proposes a framework for reinvigorating the dynamic interplay among the literary content, theological interpretation, and critical theory/practices. He also writes on other aspects of theological aesthetics—how theology and spirituality are expressed in literature, poetry and film—and has interests in eco-theology, social ethics, and the socio-political cultures of Catholicism as well. Mike has just finished a theological introduction to a forthcoming reissue of Robert Hugh Benson’s 1907 dystopian classic Lord of the World (Ave Maria, 2016) and is at work on a longer monograph on the scope of Catholic realism in late modern literary fiction. He lives in the Chicago area with his wife, two daughters, and faithful black lab.

Vincent J. Miller is the Gudorf Chair in Catholic Theology and Culture at theUniversity of Dayton in Dayton, OH. He was previously an associate professor of theology at Georgetown University in Washington, DC. He earned his master’s and doctoral degrees in theology from the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of Consuming Religion: Christian Faith and Practice in a Consumer Culture (Continuum, 2005). He has written for numerous scholarly journals, including Theological Studies, Horizons, and Liturgical Ministry, as well as popular journals like America.

The Daily Theology Podcast was very fortunate this summer to record several conversations at the 70th annual convention of the Catholic Theological Society of America (CTSA). This is the second of four such conversations, and we are grateful to the CTSA for making these possible.

Thomas F. O’Meara, OP is Professor Emeritus of the Department of Theology of the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, IN, where he taught from 1981-2002. He is a member the Dominican Order and was ordained a priest in 1962. He is widely published, and his books include Thomas Aquinas: Theologian (University of Notre Dame Press, 1997), Theology of Ministry (Paulist Press, revised 1999), and Vast Universe: Christian Revelation and Extraterrestrials (Liturgical Press, 2012). If you are interested in more of Tom’s story, he has also written an autobiography: A Theologian’s Journey (Paulist Press, 2002). In 2014, over forty theologians gathered in his honor to discuss the future of ecclesiology; the resulting text was published as A Church with Open Doors: Catholic Ecclesiology for the Third Millennium (Michael Glazier, 2015).

The Daily Theology Podcast was very fortunate this summer to record several conversations at the 70th annual convention of the Catholic Theological Society of America (CTSA). This is the first of four such conversations, and we are grateful to the CTSA for making these possible.

Colby Dickinson is Assistant Professor of Theology at Loyola University, Chicago, where he is also the director of majors and minors for the department. He earned his Ph.D. in theology (as well as his STB, STL, and STD) from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium, an MA in religious education from Saint Louis University, and his MTS from Duke Divinity School. He is the author of Agamben and Theology (T&T Clark, 2011),Between the Canon and the Messiah: The Structure of Faith in Contemporary Continental Thought (Bloomsbury, 2013), The Spiritual and Creative Failures of Representation: On Poetry, Theology and the Potential of the Human Being (Fordham University Press, 2016) and, with Adam Kotsko, Agamben’s Coming Philosophy: Finding a New Use for Theology (Rowman & Littlefied, 2015). He is the editor of The Postmodern ‘Saints’ of France: Refiguring ‘the Holy’ in Contemporary French Philosophy (T&T Clark, 2013), The Shaping of Tradition: Context and Normativity (Peeters, 2013) and co-editor, with Stéphane Symons, of Walter Benjamin and Theology (Fordham University Press, 2016).

Anthony Godzieba is Professor of Theology and Religious Studies atVillanova University in Philadelphia, PA. A self-described “neighborhood kid” from Philly, he did his Ph.D. in theology at Catholic University of America in Washington, DC while commuting back to teach at Villanova. While much of his work focuses on fundamental theology and phenomenology, his wide-ranging interests include embodiment, modernity and postmodernity, and the relationship between theology and the arts. In addition to numerous scholarly articles, he is the author of Bernhard Welte’s Fundamental Theological Approach to Christology (Peter Lang, 1994) and A Theology of the Presence and Absence of God (Crossroad Publishing, 2001). For ten years, he was the editor of Horizons: The Journal of the College Theology Society.

Dana Dillon is an assistant professor of theology at Providence College in Providence, RI. She did her undergraduate and MDiv degrees at the University of Notre Dame. She did her PhD atDuke University, writing her dissertation under the direction of Stanley Hauerwas. Her research focuses on fundamental moral theology with a focus on virtue ethics. In addition to scholarly articles, she writes for the Catholic Moral Theology blog (in this conversation, she specifically references her piece on “St. Augustine, Catholics, and Mental Illness“). She is also active on Twitter, where you should follow her.

Jennifer Elisa Veninga is an assistant professor of religious and theological studies at St. Edward’s University in Austin, Texas. She holds an M.T.S. degree from Harvard Divinity School (2002) and a Ph.D. from the Graduate Theological Union (2011). Her research interests include imagination and theology, Søren Kierkegaard and Danish culture, Islam and the West, and media and religion. Her first book,Secularism, Theology and Islam: The Danish Social Imaginary and the Cartoon Crisis of 2005-2006 was just published by Bloomsbury Press in London in May. She frequently spends time in Denmark researching and enjoying the cool Danish summers. She is traveling back to Copenhagen this summer for research on her next project, which will be on trauma, healing and theology. Dr. Veninga is also an ordained minister in the United Church of Christ and serves as Ecumenical Minister for the St. Edward’s Campus Ministry Program. In this capacity, she coordinates worship services and supports interreligious dialogue efforts on campus. Her passions include working for social justice, studying the Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard, and spending time with her rescue pug, Bubba.

Father Louis T. Brusatti joined St. Edward’s University in July 2002 as the School of Humanities dean after serving seven years as dean of the School of Theology at the University of St. Thomas in Houston. An ordained Catholic priest, his ministry has been primarily focused in higher education and has included teaching assignments at DePaul University in Chicago, St. Thomas Theological Seminary in Denver, Kentrick Seminary and Aquinas Institute of Theology in St. Louis. Currently Fr. Lou is an Associate Professor of Religious and Theological Studies at St. Edward’s University and Director of the Center for Religion and Culture. In his spare time, Fr. Lou enjoys a nice glass of wine and spending time with his dog, Duncan.

Joshua Carey Coleman is the head of humanities and senior theology teacher at St. Michael’s Catholic Academy in Austin, Texas. He holds an MA degree in philosophy (2000) and a PhD in religious and theological studies from the University of Denver (2007). His passion lies in the supporting roles Philosophy and Literature play for Religious Studies and inter-religious dialogue; particularly in 19th century Danish thinker Soren Kierkegaard and 20th American Author Walker Percy, both of whom are critical figures for Existentialism, Postmodern Semiotics and Hermeneutics. Dr. Coleman has been an active member with the Mary House Austin Catholic Worker and is currently working on a book concerning the role of college football as religious sublimation in the Deep South. When not immersed in work, Dr. Coleman enjoys mountain biking and running with his dog, Stella.

Dr. Johnson is a professor of Theology at the University of Scranton, which is a Jesuit Catholic university in Scranton, PA. Her background is in historical theology, although on the podcast she preferred to describe herself as a “sloppy generalist.” She is the author of two books, Strangers and Neighbors: What I Have Learned About Christianity by Living Among Orthodox Jews (2006) and Making a Welcome: Christian Life and the Practice of Hospitality (2011). You can also read about her experience of being Catholic and living in an Orthodox Jewish neighborhood (“Us and Them,” First Things) and about her family’s practice of hospitality towards the students who live nearby (“Late Nights at the Professor’s House,” Dallas Morning News)