The Donald Winch Lectures in Intellectual History.University of St Andrews. 11th, 12th & 13th October 2022.

In the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, universities expanded to include a wide range of what came to be regarded as academic ‘disciplines’. In Britain, the study of ‘English literature’ was eventually to become one of the biggest and most popular of these subjects, yet it was in some ways an awkward fit: not obviously susceptible to the ‘scientific’ treatment considered the hallmark of a scholarly discipline, it aroused a kind of existential commitment in many of those who taught and studied it. These lectures explore some of the ways in which these tensions worked themselves out in the last two hundred years, drawing on a wide range of sources to understand the aspirations invested in the subject, the resistance that it constantly encountered, and the distinctive forms of enquiry that came to define it. In so doing, they raise larger questions about the changing character of universities, the peculiar cultural standing of ‘literature’, and the conflicting social expectations that societies have entertained towards higher education and specialized scholarship.

Handout - Lecture 3: Syllabuses

1. ‘“English”, including Anglo-Saxon and Middle English along with modern English, including what we ordinarily call the “dull” periods as well as the “great” ones, is an object more or less presented to us by nature.’

2. ‘In the 1880s, an exciting duel between two great publishing houses brought the price of the rival National and World Libraries (Cassell’s and Routledge’s, respectively) down to 3d in paper and 6d in cloth. And not only were prices cut: the selection of titles was greatly enlarged, the old standbys - Milton, Pope, Cowper, Thomson, Burns, Goldsmith, and the rest - being joined by many other authors who had seldom or ever appeared in cheap editions.’

3. ‘Sir John Denham (1615-1668) is familiar from the oft-quoted couplet in his poem of Cooper’s Hill, the measured and stately versification of which has been highly praised. He died an old man in the reign of Charles II, with a mind clouded by the sudden loss of his young wife, whom he had married late in life. John Cleveland (1613-1659), author of the Rebel Scot and certain vigorous attacks on the Protector, was the earliest poetical champion of royalty. Butler is said to have adopted the style of his satires in Hudibras. Colonel Richard Lovelace (1618-1658) ....’

4. ‘Poetry: More advanced poems from Chaucer (e.g. The Prologue), Shakespeare, Spenser, Milton, Pope, Wordsworth, Tennyson, or from selections such as The Golden Treasury; Shakespeare, (Histories, Comedies or easier Tragedies). Prose: Plutarch’s Lives, Kinglake, Eothen, Borrow, Lavengro, Ruskin, Sesame and Lilies, Frowde [sic; ?Froude], selected short studies, Modern prose Comedies (e.g. Goldsmith and Sheridan), Selections from British Essayists (e.g. Addison, Lamb, Goldsmith), Macaulay, Essays or selected chapters from The History.’

5. ‘In the 1930s favourite Higher Certificate set books and authors among the various Boards include: The Faerie Queene, Marlowe’s Faustus, Bacon’s essays, Sidney’s Apologie for Poetrie, Hakluyt, The New Atlantis, Shakespeare, Chaucer, Milton, Lamb, Carlyle, Pope, Dryden, Scott and the Romantic poets. These texts and authors changed hardly at all between 1930 and 1950 (and represent a very similar situation to that of 1900-1910).’

6. ‘An Honours Degree in English Language and Literature at present entails, in every University in England, some knowledge both of Latin or Greek at the outset, and of Old English later.’

The Donald Winch Lectures in Intellectual History.University of St Andrews.11th, 12th & 13th October 2022.

In the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, universities expanded to include a wide range of what came to be regarded as academic ‘disciplines’. In Britain, the study of ‘English literature’ was eventually to become one of the biggest and most popular of these subjects, yet it was in some ways an awkward fit: not obviously susceptible to the ‘scientific’ treatment considered the hallmark of a scholarly discipline, it aroused a kind of existential commitment in many of those who taught and studied it. These lectures explore some of the ways in which these tensions worked themselves out in the last two hundred years, drawing on a wide range of sources to understand the aspirations invested in the subject, the resistance that it constantly encountered, and the distinctive forms of enquiry that came to define it. In so doing, they raise larger questions about the changing character of universities, the peculiar cultural standing of ‘literature’, and the conflicting social expectations that societies have entertained towards higher education and specialized scholarship.

Handout - Lecture 2: Careers

1. ‘His tastes and pursuits would no doubt lead him to lecture on the Structure of the English Language and its affinities with cognate tongues, rather than upon Rhetoric or the Art of Composition, but when it was mentioned to him that the latter formed part of the duties of the chair, he made no difficulty about undertaking it.’

2. ‘We think that the Professor of the English Language and Literature at our College ought, if it were possible, to unite all the qualifications which we think desirable, to be a thoroughly educated man, a man whose peculiar learning is based upon the sound scholarship which is the general training of English gentlemen. He ought to have made a systematic study of the English Language and English Literature: a systematic study of the Language, so as to be thoroughly conversant with its etymological structure, and the history of its formation through its successive stages; a systematic study of the Literature, so that his familiar knowledge of it may not be confined within the limits of one or two periods. He ought to have experience as a Lecturer, and to be able to lecture well: but he ought to be prepared not only to lecture, but to teach. We must bear in mind, and our Professor must bear in mind, that the practical end of our English Class is to teach our students to use their own language well both in speaking and writing.’

3. ‘All the world is standing, every chatterer in every newspaper thinks he is good enough for English language and literature.’

4. ‘The lecture list of Easter Term was considered. It was agreed that the Reader in Phonetics should be asked either to change the subject of his lecture on Ugrian Phonetics or to remove it from the list, as in the opinion of the Board the subject did not fall within the scope of the school.’

5. ‘The main point, of course, was to choose a scholar and not a chatterer; now the chatterers have command of the newspapers and the scholars have not. That’s all. I have no doubt that to any maker of paragraphs, Matthew, Ealdorman of babblers, seems a greater man than William of Chester’.

6. ‘In those early years everyone, whatever her natural bias, read for the English School at Oxford, because that was the only course for which adequate preparation could at that time be secured.’

7. ‘Well, I have no hesitation in de-classing the whole professorial squad - Bradley, Herford, Dowden, Walter Raleigh, Elton, Saintsbury’... [Saintsbury is allowed to have some strengths, though in spite of his style rather than because of it] ...For the rest: Professor Walter Raleigh is improving. Professor Elton has never fallen to the depths of sterile and pretentious banality which are the natural and customary level of the remaining three.’

The Donald Winch Lectures in Intellectual History. University of St Andrews. 11th, 12th & 13th October 2022.

In the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, universities expanded to include a wide range of what came to be regarded as academic ‘disciplines’. In Britain, the study of ‘English literature’ was eventually to become one of the biggest and most popular of these subjects, yet it was in some ways an awkward fit: not obviously susceptible to the ‘scientific’ treatment considered the hallmark of a scholarly discipline, it aroused a kind of existential commitment in many of those who taught and studied it. These lectures explore some of the ways in which these tensions worked themselves out in the last two hundred years, drawing on a wide range of sources to understand the aspirations invested in the subject, the resistance that it constantly encountered, and the distinctive forms of enquiry that came to define it. In so doing, they raise larger questions about the changing character of universities, the peculiar cultural standing of ‘literature’, and the conflicting social expectations that societies have entertained towards higher education and specialized scholarship.

Handout.

1. ‘Neglected and despised as it is in comparison with its favoured competitor, how far more does it deserve the notice bestowed on her. It is not partial in its cultivation of the intellect, but tends at once to correct the taste, to strengthen the judgement, to instruct us in the wisdom of men better and wiser than ourselves, to exercise the reasoning faculties on subjects which demand and deserve their attention, and to show them the boundaries imposed on them by Providence. It is literature which fits and prepares us best of all for the examination of those moral and intellectual truths, which are not only the worthiest exercise of our reason, but most concern our future destiny.’

2. ‘The teaching of English literature will contribute to the formation of sound conclusions on social and political questions; to right feeling and right thinking in all that appertains to morality and religion; to largeness, to sanity, to elevation, to refinement in judgement, taste and sentiment, to all, in short, which constitutes in the proper sense of the term the education of the British citizen.’

3. ‘By the humanizing power of literature we mean the development of the higher faculties, the imagination, the sense of beauty and the intellectual comprehension, clear vision, mental harmony, a just sense of proportion, higher illumination.’

4. ‘In all my Lectures, more particularly when treating upon that glorious and inexhaustible subject, the LITERATURE of our country - I shall esteem it my duty - and I trust I shall find it my delight - to inculcate lessons of virtue, through the medium of the masters of our language.’

5. ‘A chief burden in maintaining and keeping uppermost the spiritual element in man must rest, for a variety of reasons, more upon the teaching of English and English literature than upon any other subject.’

6. ‘The value of critical training, and of the various methods of study that I have touched upon, is simply that they educate our power of appreciation and make it possible for us to enter into the life and meaning of the highest poetry. Without some such mental discipline we shall always be in danger of accepting the second-rate for a masterpiece, and shall either be content with this shallower outlet for our emotions or be inclined to dispute the power of art to satisfy us at all. But if we submit our taste for poetry to education, the highest in ourselves will be drawn out to meet what is highest in the great artist: we shall realize our kinship with him and participate in his vision.’