I have released a special audio episode on my Substack about a rare recording and a reckoning on the anniversary of the Tulsa race massacre of 1921.

We need to know more about this troubling chapter of American history. On June 1, 1921, the Greenwood community of Tulsa woke up to ash and rubble. The entire community, a Black neighborhood so prosperous it was known as Black Wall Street, had been wiped out by an angry White mob. Thirty-five city blocks were obliterated. Burned. Bombed. Looted. As many as 300 people were killed.

And then the erasure began. First, they destroyed the community. Then the act itself was removed from collective memory. Police records went missing. Photographs disappeared. The people responsible for that terror pulled down a veil of communal silence.

But one man named Elgon Wilson who witnessed the whole thing kept talking. And his family recorded the stories that he told over and over again at the dinner table. One of his grandsons shared those audio tapes with me, and now I can share the resulting podcast episode with you — a story about a family’s burden of inheriting a history than an entire community tried to hide.

Grandpa Elgon always said he did not participate in the mayhem while he was working that night. But the family discovered things about his past that raise questions about his claim of being just a bystander. There are twists and turns and conundrums in this episode. And we also hear from Anneliese Brunner, whose great-grandmother survived the assault on Greenwood, as well as Tulsa native and Historian Scott Ellsworth, author of the book, Death in a Promised Land.

This episode was a pilot for a podcast called You People, inspired by The Race Card Project where we collect 6-word stories about race and cultural identity. The genesis for this journey began when Elgon Wilson’s son Zachary shared his 6-word story about the carnage in Tulsa. We listened to the tapes. We did a lot of research. We traveled back to Tulsa with Zachary Wilson for the 100th anniversary of the race massacre in 2021. We produced a powerful episode, but it never got picked up for a full series so we are serving it up here on Substack. Some stories are too important to stay on the shelf collecting dust.

And we intend to keep going. We will occasionally dip into the archives of The Race Card Project to serve up interviews, videos, animations, hidden histories, curiosities, courageous conversations and recorded segments. Stay tuned.

Hope you will press play and take a listen. Let us know what you think.

Take care of each other. Stay safe out there. 🎧 LISTEN HERE

Guest: Zachary Wilson, a Presbyterian Pastor in Minnesota, whose grandfather was a witness to the Tulsa Race Massacre as he worked that evening and into the next day, delivering telegrams on his motorcycle for Western Union. Historians say the family audiotapes of Elgon Wilson’s memories from that day are an extremely rare instance where a White witness to the carnage in Tulsa recorded their recollections.

Chapters:00:00 Introduction to the Race Card Project00:34 About TRCP01:16 Exploring Inheritance and Identity04:39 Zachary Wilson’s Family History10:21 The Tulsa Massacre: A Historical Context16:05 The Role of Bystanders in History21:32 Zach’s Journey to Tulsa27:09 Confronting Family Legacy32:49 The Complexity of Racial Identity38:29 Reflections on Change and Responsibility

SHOW CREDITS:You People is a podcast inspired by The Race Card Project. This episode was produced by Futuro Media, whose commitment to stories that matter made this work possible. Special thanks to Nicole Rothwell, Mike Sargent, Marlon Bishop, Maria Hinojosa and the Futuro Team. There’s a reason that team keeps racking up awards! David Walters served as content editor. Melissa Bear is the coordinating producer for Say What Media and The Race Card Project. A big round of thanks to Mitch Kapor and Freada Kapor Klein who have supported TRCP on this long journey. BIG THANKS to everyone who has supported The Race Card Project over the years. Independent projects like this rely on people who are willing to lend resources, time, ideas and encouragement.

About Zachary Wilson:Zachary Wilson grew up in Yakima, Washington, twin brother at his side, apple orchards out the window, which he’ll tell you was more formative than it sounds. He studied Philosophy and Classics at Augustana College, earned his M.Div. from Princeton Theological Seminary, and has spent his career as a Presbyterian pastor in the Twin Cities, most recently serving as “Acting Co-Executive Presbyter” of the Presbytery of the Twin Cities Area of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) It’s a title akin to a Bishop. He and his wife have called St. Paul home for many years.

He is also, it turns out, the grandson of a man who was riding a motorcycle through Tulsa, Oklahoma on the night of May 31st, 1921 — and then talked about it for the rest of his life. That inheritance is what brought Zach to The Race Card Project.

Say What? Substack is a reader supported project kept alive by reader donations and the generosity of our community. It’s a really exciting model, but I need your help to keep it going. Subscribe so you never miss Say What?.

What you’re about to hear is the pilot episode of You People, a podcast we created five years ago , inspired by our work at The Race Card Project, where we collect 6-word stories about race and cultural identity. The journey started with a 6-word story about “carnage.” A word like that captures your attention. We dove in and did reporting. We recorded a fantastic episode. We believed in it. We were proud of it. And then, because of the vagaries of legacy media, it was never picked up.

That changes today. Some stories are too important to stay on the shelf collecting dust.

On May 31st, 1921. A White mob descended on a neighborhood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, called Greenwood. At the time, it was one of the most prosperous Black communities in America — a boomtown known as Black Wall Street. Tensions were running high that night because a 19-year-old Black man who worked as a shoeshiner had been accused of attacking a 17-year-old White elevator operator named Sarah Page the previous day. That accusation led to an incendiary article in the afternoon newspaper under the headline, “Nab Negro for Attacking Girl in Elevator.” By the evening of May 31, a large crowd assembled in front of the courthouse where the shoeshiner, Dick Rowland was being detained. Black residents, worried for his safety, also went to the courthouse to protect Rowland. Several confrontations flared up, and in the chaos, gunfire erupted, and quickly things spiraled out of control. Law enforcement decreed that Black people were the instigators and joined forces with the angry Whites headed toward Greenwood to quell what they called a “Negro Uprising.”

What happened next turned into the most destructive act of anti-black violence in modern American history. The mob destroyed everyone and everything in sight. Thirty-five city blocks were obliterated. As many as 300 people were killed. More than 1,200 homes were destroyed. One hundred and ninety-one businesses were wiped out. What was left was stolen and looted.

By the morning of June 1st, the once prosperous area of Greenwood had been reduced to rubble and ash. And then, the erasure began. The bodies were buried. The police reports disappeared. Photos were increasingly hard to come by. And the White community in Tulsa moved forward with silence. First, a community was wiped out. Then the act itself was removed from collective memory.

What makes this episode so rare and so important is that it spotlights a fragment of history that actually survived — a rare set of first-person audio recordings of a White eyewitness to the massacre. This story revolves around a former White Tulsa resident named Elgon Wilson. He was 18 years old in 1921 and had been working for Western Union as a delivery man. He was delivering telegrams by motorcycle in Greenwood on the night of the massacre and into the next day. He watched the mayhem. His own life was threatened. And he kept working. And then, for the rest of his life, he did something rare. He kept talking about what he saw and experienced.

He told the stories to his family members over and over again, often at the dinner table with Sunday supper spread out on the good linen. And the reason I can share this story with you is that his family put a tape recorder on the table. He told the stories over and over, and they recorded those tales over and over.

Years later, one of Elgon Wilson’s grandsons sent his 6-word story to The Race Card Project, and it wound up being a portal into this gruesome chapter of American history.

Zachary Wilson is a Presbyterian pastor in St. Paul. After listening to those stories throughout his childhood, Zach has been ruminating over deep questions for most of his life. Zach has spent years wondering , not just what his grandfather saw, but what he did beyond driving his motorbike. His grandfather, who left Tulsa soon after the massacre and began a family elsewhere in the Midwest, said he was just a “bystander.” Zach wondered if that was the right word for a witness to carnage? What was his responsibility since he and his brothers hold a piece of history that no one else has? What does it mean to inherit an intimate view of a story that so many people tried to hide?

This episode doesn’t offer easy answers. It gets complicated. And messy. And honest in a way that will most certainly cause some discomfort. And there are a few twists and turns that upend easy assumptions. I hope you hit play and take a listen. I hope you share your thoughts about what you hear. And I hope you will come back because we are going to be talking to Zachary Wilson again because so much has happened since we recorded his story five years ago. We will also spend some more time with Anneliese Bruner, whose great-grandmother survived the massacre and then wrote one of the very first books about the terror in Tulsa back in1922.

As you listen, remember this episode was recorded years ago, around the 100th anniversary of the Greenwood annihilation. You will hear references to COVID-19 and a time when people were not venturing out to restaurants. At the time we recorded this, historians told us that the Wilson family recordings of Grandpa Elgon represented one of the only incidents where a White witness to the Tulsa massacre recorded an account of what they saw. In recent years, more witnesses may have come forward, but these recorded accounts are still VERY rare.

The work of reckoning in Tulsa continues. A Department of Justice investigation produced a 126-page report that found that the terror in Tulsa was triggered by an unfounded allegation. Still, no charges have been filed for crimes committed. The statute of limitations leaves few paths to justice. After all these years, no reparations or restitution. And with recent efforts to use ground-penetrating technology and advanced genealogical tools, bodies that were hastily buried are still being recovered, exhumed, investigated, and identified.

It reminds me of the African Proverb I heard Skip Gates reference at a book festival years ago, “the body you tried to bury in the yard years ago has a toe sticking out of the ground today.” I have no idea whether that is a real proverb, but the metaphor certainly applies here..

One more thing before you press play.

We are so glad we can finally share this episode. We’d love to hear your thoughts, questions or observations. And if you want to share your own 6-word story, the inbox at The Race Card Project is always open and we will occasionally roll out new episodes of You People in coming months. Stay tuned.

Take care of yourself and each other. Stay safe out there.

The Tulsa Tapes- Hosted By Michele NorrisYou People Episode 01

Guest: Zachary Wilson

Chapters:00:00 Introduction to the Race Card Project00:34 About TRCP01:16 Exploring Inheritance and Identity04:39 Zachary Wilson’s Family History10:21 The Tulsa Massacre: A Historical Context16:05 The Role of Bystanders in History21:32 Zach’s Journey to Tulsa27:09 Confronting Family Legacy32:49 The Complexity of Racial Identity38:29 Reflections on Change and Responsibility

SHOW CREDITS:You People is a podcast inspired by The Race Card Project. This episode was produced by Futuro Media, whose commitment to stories that matter made this work possible. Special thanks to Nicole Rothwell, Mike Sargent, Marlon Bishop, Maria Hinojosa and the Futuro Team. There’s a reason that team keeps racking up awards! David Walters served as content editor. Melissa Bear is the coordinating producer for Say What Media and The Race Card Project. A big round of thanks to Mitch Kapor and Freada Kapor Klein who have supported TRCP on this long journey.

About Zachary Wilson:Zachary Wilson grew up in Yakima, Washington, twin brother at his side, apple orchards out the window, which he’ll tell you was more formative than it sounds. He studied Philosophy and Classics at Augustana College, earned his M.Div. from Princeton Theological Seminary, and has spent his career as a Presbyterian pastor in the Twin Cities, most recently serving as “Acting Co-Executive Presbyter” of the Presbytery of the Twin Cities Area of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) It a title akin to a Bishop. He and his wife have called St. Paul home for many years.

He is also, it turns out, the grandson of a man who was riding a motorcycle through Tulsa, Oklahoma on the night of May 31st, 1921 — and talked about it for the rest of his life. That inheritance is what brought Zach to The Race Card Project.

Say What? Substack is a reader supported project kept alive by reader donations and the generosity of our community. It’s a really exciting model, but I need your help to keep it going. Subscribe so you never miss Say What?.

What does the world need to know about Minnesota right now?

It came during a conversation about the aggressive immigration enforcement operations unfolding across the state — a conversation rooted in what I’d seen firsthand as a journalist reporting on the ground. I answered as a Minnesotan. As someone who understands the state’s rhythms. It’s silences. Its pride of place.

But the more I thought about the question afterward, the more certain I became: no one person should answer it alone.

Minnesota is more than a slogan.

It is not a stereotype, though when people hear the word Minnesota, they often think of popular culture or pain points—Prince or plentiful lakes or the flat-oh’d accent in films like Fargo or a city in flames after the murder of George Floyd or the way the killings of Rene Good and Alex Pretti have inflamed the debate over immigration enforcement.

Minnesota is now under a global spotlight and in moments like this — when a place is being defined from the outside, often through images of conflict or fear — it matters who gets to speak.

So I asked the people who live there, who love it, who chose it, who left and still carry it with them.

What does the world need to know about Minnesota right now?

What came back wasn’t a rebuttal.

It was a values statement.

Melissa Rach has lived in Minnesota for 30 years and wants the world to know this :

We are stoic but unyielding: We aren’t loud for the sake of noise. We are loud for the sake of justice. We are the North Star State: We consistently lead the nation in voter turnout (nearly 80% in 2020) because we believe our voices are our power. Maybe ICE didn’t realize that civics is a way of life in Minnesota. It is what makes us Minnesota. We carry the Constitution in our pockets.

We’re used to the cold, but our hearts don’t freeze. When 3,000 federal agents descend on our streets for “Operation Metro Surge,” we don’t hide. We put on our yellow vests, we grab our cameras, and we stand on the sidewalk to bear witness.

They can bring the “largest operation ever” to our doorstep, but they cannot break a city that views civic duty as a sacred oath.

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Steve Ladwig was born and raised in Minnesota, but left for a time when he was in the Navy onboard submarines

The one thing you always hear in the sub service is to have the persons to your left and right. You sacrifice everything for those to the left and to the right. That is what makes submarine crews so effective and a brotherhood.

Minnesota is the same; it doesn’t matter if your neighbors to the right and left are Asian, Latino, or Somali. You sacrifice everything for your neighbors. We are Minnesota

So let’s talk about the word, “Neighbor.”

It is a word that echoes through so many of the responses. And people are not talking about folks who live next door. It is a big, elastic, open-armed concept that embraces the idea of beloved community.

Lona Dallesandro, who moved to Minnesota in 2008, wrote this:

“We’re good neighbors even when we’re not good friends. There is a line we won’t cross as it relates to how we care for each other - generally, people don’t want to see other people do badly here.”

Another writer explained it through the patterns of daily life:

“Empathy is ingrained in us. You don’t survive a cold winter without a village. Bars are tastier when they are shared. A campfire beer only hits the spot when you can toss one to a neighbor.”

Rob Kimm added this;

“Born and raised in northern MN, but have been in a lot of other places. It’s the only place I’ve ever heard the word ‘neighbor’ used as a verb. It’s not an accident of proximity, but an obligation to do something. To me, that explains a lot of how MN has responded to our neighbors being attacked.”

In Minnesota, community is built for the long haul. Not for applause. For survival.

To neighbor someone is to take responsibility for them. That, Kimm suggested, explains a lot about how Minnesotans have responded to seeing their neighbors targeted.

Another lifelong Twin Cities resident traced that ethos through generations — from great-grandparents to parents — who taught him to share, to learn from others, to hold out a hand.

“We can be a little reserved,” he wrote. “But make no mistake, our convictions run deep.”

Several people suggested that the spirit of mutual aid springs from the cold, long winters. The months when survival is collective, whether you like it or not. LaurenWarren explains that surviving the state’s brutal winters is not a solo endeavor.

“Every time it snows, you’ll see someone’s car get stuck, and it is your duty to help push them out, no matter what you’re doing, because the same thing will happen to you and you’ll need a stranger to help when it’s your turn. Right now, they are coming for thousands of people, so we have to help however we can because someday we will need help too.”

Monta Hayner is a fly fishing guide and says this:

“The long history of mutual support begins with farming, then farm co-ops, then food co-ops, then fighting against war (Women leagues for International Peace and Freedom), then accepting and supporting immigrants, especially asylum seekers from war and abuse.”

I was born and raised in Minnesota.

I grew up on the South Side of Minneapolis. My mother was born in Duluth. My grandmother was raised in Alexandria, MN, where she lived with her grandparents, who came to Minnesota as a black family in the 1800’s and were welcomed by a Catholic Church in Douglas County, that helped them get settled and start a business. I know that is not everyone’s experience. Minnesotans can be insular, and outsiders sometimes struggle to fit in. But there is a strong civic pact in the state, and from experience I know this: Even with that whole Minnesota Nice thing, folks in teh state are not always overtly friendly but they are fiercely loyal. Minnesotans are not performative. They don’t announce their values. They live them quietly — until they are forced into a zone where silence is not longer an option.

“For people in Minnesota to be getting this loud,” one person wrote, “there must be something really wrong.”

That line really resonates because Minnesota is not a state that rushes to outrage. It prides itself on being temperate and even subdued. Civic attitudes are shaped by consensus and community infrastructure. They are molded by the belief that showing up matters more than being seen. In normal circumstances, the guiding principle is that outward expressions of anger undermine the civic pact. There aer not normal times.

“We’re good neighbors even when we’re not good friends. We embrace the outdoors in all its seasons. And we live by ‘we all do better when we all do better.”

Minnesota’s population is still overwhelmingly white. About 80 percent of the state’s 5.7 million residents are white. But it has been experiencing a faster rate of diversity than the national average for several reasons.

Minnesota’s meatpacking plants and agribusiness rely on diverse workforces. The state is also home to 18 Fortune 500 companies and several more on the Fortune 1000 list and many of those corporations have attracted diverse workers who appreciate the low cost of living, highly-ranked education systems, and world-class theater and musical venues in the Twin Cities.

The state’s long tradition of generous social welfare programs is also a factor. The large population of Hmong, Somali, Burmese, Ethiopian, Liberian, Ukrainian and other newcomers is tied to robust resettlement programs, often run by religious groups. There have been tensions around immigration and resettlement to be sure, but Minnesota as a state has decided to embrace resettlement through strong sponsorship programs and job pipelines. That view was reflected in the stream of comments that rolled in from locals.

“MN is home to everyone. We believe in community and acceptance, no matter who they are or how they got here.”

In the torrent of comments I received, it was clear that this reached beyond belief — into practice and protocols.

“We share. We break bread together. We give the coat off our backs so the other person can survive.”

That may help explain why Minnesotans recognize each other anywhere.

“When we move away, we find each other out in the wild. There’s a magnetic pull.”

There was also a lot of humor in the thread.

“The best thing I’ve seen,” someone joked, “is that Minnesota is what Texas tells itself it is.”

But beneath that wit is steel.

“Our diversity is our strength. We’re tough as hell. Creative problem solvers. Generous. Fiercely protective.”

And a deep reservoir of pride. There is something I heard over and over again.

“I’ve never been more proud to be a Minnesotan than right now.”

I hope you will take the time to read through some of these longer statements.

It’s worth it, whether you live in Minnesota or not because the residents there are dealing with a form of aggressive policing that could become more commonplace anywhere or everywhere.

Damon Dempsey:

We live for each other, and we will stand up for our communities. Our way of life is the way of life for all Americans. If we fall, it won’t be because we didn’t fight for us, the people of Minnesota, will fight till the end to protect our part of this nation, our God-given rights, our constitution, our rights as Americans. Take notes for the rest of America.

Your state might be next. Don’t be fooled. Prepare yourself because we Minnesotans are holding the line. Wake up, America. Wake up.

Juli Kuhne Rasmussen:

Life-long Minnesotan. We are an interesting dichotomy. Many friends who have moved here say it can be hard to foster friendships because people spend so much time with family. But I think that, in moments like this, fosters a sense of “I would not want anyone in my family to go through this,” and so people show up for a larger sense of family. We are both reserved but downright fiery when our values are breached.

Jennifer Myrick Little:

I am from the Chicago suburbs. I have lived in a Twin Cities suburb for over 20 years. We are 20 minutes from either downtown. Ice has been going door to door in our community and even showed up at the high school on Friday. My kids are Minnesotans. This is the first time I have felt like a Minnesotan. It is hard to break in here. For half the year or more, you don’t see your neighbors unless they are also not from here, and you get together, while Minnesotans get together with their families. They don’t need you, but they show up. I don’t know where it comes from, but people are packing food, donating goods, delivering boxes of trash food, and standing in the cold. It is fresh, brisk, and beautiful. But don’t let anyone fool you. There are people excited to see this happening.

Karl Van Beckum:

My wife and I have been living in Minnesota for 26 years. People outside of Minnesota need to know how bad it really is here. ICE agents p*ss on the Constitution every single day. The way folks in Minneapolis have organized to help their neighbors and push back against the infiltration of lawless ICE agents gives me hope.

There are groups of folks across the country who saw the effectiveness of the general strike and are looking to organize one nationwide. People need to realize Minneapolis is a testing ground for fascist rule, and now we’re seeing it in Maine and Memphis. I hope what is happening in Minnesota inspires citizens across the country to push back and protect the Constitution.

Nicky Lynn:

I was raised in a small Minnesota town, but have lived in Minneapolis for almost 20 years. It is a BEAUTIFUL city. People who visit are often amazed by our parks, lakes, rivers and streams, restaurants, and art scene. We’ve been vilified by Trump and Fox News for the last decade to the point that some rural folks I know think that I am literally dodging bullets on my way to work. The lies and propaganda have been building for YEARS and allowed this nightmare to unfold. So when you see us on the streets, know that we are fighting for our neighbors, our children, our reputation, our livelihoods, our futures, EVERYTHING. We are fighting so hard because we have felt them coming for us, and it has built our resolve. If they want our neighbors, they will have to come through us.

Jen Langlois:

Born and raised in St. Paul, and have lived in MN my whole 53 years.

Our cities are beautiful, wonderful, and diverse, but I do have to say that our rural areas have a long way to go. As much as I want to talk about all the positivity, love, and support we’ve seen poured out by Minnesotans over the last several weeks, I hope this is a wake-up call for rural communities to challenge their neighbors to embrace the spirit we’ve shown in our cities.

Ann Tessler:

If you know, in your heart, when something’s right and when something’s wrong, then you’ll feel at home in Minnesota. We don’t want to make a fuss, but if something’s wrong, then we’re going to put our foot down. We may not invite you over for dinner ‘cuz we haven’t known you since grade school, like most of our friends, but if you need some help, we’ll help you. We don’t think anyone is better than anyone else, but we’re very proud of our state, so I guess we kind of do think Minnesota is better.

We’re a hearty bunch whose family came from the farm or The Range or the old country, whether that be Scandinavia, the Pale of Settlement, Laos, Liberia, or Somalia. We’re Floyd B. Olson, Nellie Stone Johnson, The Mayo Brothers, Hubert Humphrey, Harold Stassen, Rudy Perpich, Rosalie E. Wahl, Hy Berman, Clyde Bellecourt, Paul, Sheila, and Marcia Wellstone, and Melissa, Mark, and Gilbert Hortman. We’re not perfect, though, think about the Dakota 38+2 in Mankato, the Duluth Lynchings, Philando Castile, and George Floyd. But we’re learning.

We’re neighbors helping neighbors. And if, like Renee Good and Alex Pretti, our last words are,“It’s okay, dude, I’m not mad,” and “Are you okay?” Then we did the right thing.

Marika Staloch:

The strong work ethic of Minnesotans extends beyond industry into education, community, and understanding our diverse neighbors’ cultures. There’s a curiosity and drive to understand each other that makes us unique.

Eliz Lo:

In Minneapolis, we are actively finding ways to each do our part to protect and support our neighbors.

The community is showing up with food, coats, money for rent, care packages for the front-line heroes, and support for our immigrant friends who fear for their lives. Our text chains and socials are blowing up with opportunities to lend a hand, share resources for the common good/ safety, and to hold space for each other during this time. We are doing our best to ensure needs are met and strengthen our community. “Move your feet” and “be the light” became calls to action following the Annunciation shooting, and it is bringing hope and motivating people to lead with love over the past few weeks, as well.

Lynne R:

Lifelong Minnesotan here. People in rural Mn are also organizing. ICE has kidnapped people from here; the cases get much less attention.

Someone drove to Texas in the snowstorm to retrieve a Hmong man who had been wrongly detained and sent to El Paso. We are all traumatized - but doing our best. There will be tons of psychological damage (in addition to the physical) when this terror ends.

Michael Hall:

We are under attack. We’re very frustrated, but we are strong, we are neighbors, and stubborn. We are fighting for everyone’s constitutional rights. We stand up, and we don’t scare.

Andy Lindquist:

We are deeply loving people. We are slow to anger. But when we are faced with abject racism and bigotry, we defend our people. We are Vikings. When we are cornered, we fight back, both with our intellect and our kind hearts.

Trust me, we will not forget these abuses. We believe in our diverse population. We will fight to the death for freedom for all of us!

Morgan Mae Schultz:

The ICE surge has made so many aspects of my community clearer to me. Today I’ve been thinking about a tendency to follow rules.

Don’t mistake it for meekness or deference to authority. It’s a commitment to a social contract, and we expect it from others.

Shovel your walk, pick up after your dog. Have the right warrant.

We may have been well-suited all along to observe and assert our rights without obstructing, and to protest in a peaceful way that shines a brighter spotlight on recklessness.

Kathleen:

We can be a little reserved; however, make no mistake, our convictions run deep, and when we need to, we can make noise. We know our neighbors and champion one another. I learned early on from my great-grandparents, to my grandparents, to my mom and dad that we share, we learn from one another, and we hold out our hand in kindness to someone in need.

Maybe it’s the cold winters that steal our constitution, I’m not sure.

I’m proud to have lived my whole life in the Twin Cities.

Thank you for the posts from near and far; it helps to be seen. We’re in the spotlight right now, and we will do our best because this moment is bigger than MN. Do me a favor, look to the night sky for the north star.. that's us.. that's Minnesota.

“Look to the night sky for the North Star. That’s us. That’s Minnesota.”

That image feels quietly emblematic.

It is not a claim of perfection.

It is a statement of orientation. An appeal to one’s moral compass.

So what does the world need to know about Minnesota right now?

It needs you to know that what you’re seeing isn’t a sudden radicalization.

It is a line being crossed.

It is a community that prides itself on restraint, rising up en masse when its moral center is disturbed.

Minnesotans don’t talk about doing the right thing.

They just do it. We have all seen that.

And when they start speaking this clearly, this urgently, this collectively — it isn’t just noise.

It’s a message. A mighty flare from the plains.

Take care of each other. Cherish your neighbors. Take care of them because one day you may need them to take care of you.

Stay safe out there. ❤️

-Michele

In that earlier case, Newmark represented the defendant, who was accused of dragging Jonathan Ross during an immigration traffic stop back in June. Ross was one of the agents who approached a car driven by Carlos Munoz-Guatemala, an undocumented Mexican immigrant, and asked him to lower his window. Munoz-Guatemala allegedly only partially opened his window, and immigration officials used a tool to break a rear window to reach forward and unlock the door. Munoz-Guatemala allegedly put the car in drive and pulled forward with Ross’s arm still inside the vehicle. Ross was reportedly dragged at least 50 yards with his arm pinned inside the car and required 20 stitches. Munoz-Guatemala, who had been charged with sexually abusing a minor in 2022, was found guilty in the dragging case and is in jail.

Newmark said he quickly realized that Ross was the same agent involved in that case when Department of Homeland Security Kristi Noem said the federal agent who shot Rene Good was an officer who had been dragged in June.

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In this compelling discussion, Newmark discusses what he learned about Ross in that case, as well as the current tense situation in Minneapolis, where the federal law enforcement presence continues to escalate. Michele and Eric explore the implications of this occupation, the question of whether federal agents actually have “absolute immunity” as the administration suggests, and the broader impact on community trust and safety. The conversation delves into the historical context of policing in the city, highlighting the ongoing struggle for reform and justice in the wake of the George Floyd murder and other high-profile police shootings. This conversation offers a critical examination of the current state of affairs and the challenges faced by residents and local authorities alike. Take a listen and let us know what you think.

~~~

Note: We spoke to Eric Newmark before the Department of Justice decided to file charges against Minnesota Gov Tim Walz and and Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey Fridy evening for alleging impeding law enforcement

ABOVE “What we’re seeing in Minneapolis is essentially our entire city is under siege, under occupation.”

Key Points:

* The question of absolute immunity.

* How current federal immigration tactics collide with police reforms that followed the killing of George Floyd.

* The erosion of community trust when the “official” explanation is undermined by video evidence.

“You have the absolute First Amendment right to use your cell phone to record anything you see in public. You have the right to blow your whistle. You have the right to warn your neighbors that ICE is in the area.”

Key Points:

* The laws that govern peaceful protest and public assembly.

* The laws that govern cooperation with federal immigration agents.

* The difference in the scope of work for federal immigration agents and local law enforcement.

“I think Minneapolis and St Paul and Minnesota are being used as an example for everyone else to see ‘’here’s what happens when you don’t comply. Here’s what happens when you don’t vote for the president in three straight elections, or when your leaders fight back”

Key Points:

* The parameters for enacting marital law or invoking the Insurrection Act.

* The concern that the protest could spill over into violence.

* The question of whether Minnesota’s large business community will weigh in on the danger and disruptions throughout the state. (17 Fortune 500 companies are based in Minnesota).

“If he was having some issues related to that incident that happened in June, he shouldn’t have been on the street. He shouldn’t have been carrying a weapon.”

Key Points:

* The intent to file additional motions before sentencing to ask for additional discovery that would explain the federal officer’s training and scope of mission.

* Are federal agents trained to de-escalate tense crowd situations?

* Concern among state lawyers about the road ahead and upholding the law when the guardrails around constitutional and legal parameters are being warped.

It has been a bit surreal to watch the fictional UBN network wrestle with some of the same ripped-from-the-headlines issues playing out in legacy media empires. It has also been delicious to watch the character known as Mia Jordan enter her villain era, as she calls it.

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She tossed aside her sensible cardigans and tapped into her inner Anna Wintour with a jaw-dropping wardrobe and a knock-out strut. She has always had a burning gaze that hints at depths beyond the dialogue in the script, but this year those deep-set eyes are thoroughly weaponized. Mia Jordan is willing to put herself first for the first time, and what she is NOT willing to do anymore is avoid talking about the complexities of race or make sacrifices for people who don’t have her best interest in mind.

I sat down recently to talk to Karen Pittman about her character’s evolution on The Morning Show, the places and people who provided inspiration for her character, and her other breakout role this year as an over protective mother in the Netflix series Forever that reimagines Judy Blume’s classic story of an ill-fated teenage romance with a Black cast set in modern day Los Angeles and Martha’s Vineyard.

Produced by Mara Brock Akil , Forever was a breakout summer hit, exploring family, class, and generational dynamics that we do not see enough on our screens. As a wealthy Black woman raising a neurodivergent son, Karen Pittman brought a ferocity to the role that hovered between protection and weary disdain for anyone who might prevent him from achieving the goal (or perhaps we should say, her goal) of attending college and securing a respectable and financially stable perch in the job market. She fights for her son, but does she fully see him and his dreams?

And, much like her role as producer Mia Jordan in The Morning Show, her portrayal of the hard-charging finance exec Dawn Edwards in the series Forever comes with surprising and deeply satisfying twists. She allows herself to be so intense that she is relatable and yet on the edge of unlikable. And then, when life happens, the character unclenches her fists and reveals deep wells of compassion that provoke awe and comfort in the viewer, in part because we see that the evolution is so deeply uncomfortable for the person we are watching on screen. Meeting a teenager’s needs means letting go of the script she had imagined for the boy that is now stepping into his manhood. That will hit home for a lot of people.

Karen Pittman signed on for these roles years ago, but they are arriving on screen at a moment where they feel fully of the current moment. Mia Jordan in The Morning Show is passed over for a promotion at a time when more than 350,000 Black women have been ushered out of the workplace in America, and so many of those who remain on the job are standing on shaky ground.

And the fictional parents in the series Forever, who are raising brown children in a world that is increasingly hostile to people of color after years of measurable progress, are mirroring the concerns and conversations that real people are wrestling with all over the country right now.

I loved this conversation with Karen, and I bet you will too. Listen, and as always, let us know what you think and what you expect from the season finale?!?

Let me know whatcha think in the chat.

Big world. Lotta stories. Always listening.

Michele

GET READY for the Season 4 Finale!

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A new book by Nicholas Boggs called Baldwin: A Love Story excavates Baldwin’s life in a New York Times bestselling biography that helps us understand Baldwin in new ways. If you take the time to listen to this interview and read his book (I hope you will do both), you might be amazed at what you learn about Baldwin. He wrote a little-known children’s book. He made three suicide attempts. An early viewing of a Bette Davis film helped him take pride in his own heavy-lidded eyes, which were the source of scorn and constant hazing.

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Many will automatically associate Baldwin with Paris, but he also lived in Switzerland and Corsica, and much of his most important work was done in Istanbul. Baldwin walked away from a film project about The Autobiography of Malcom X because a producer considered casting a white man in the lead role. (Sidney Potter, James Earl Jones, and Charlton Heston were under consideration. Heston would have had to be darkened up a bit.) Boggs reports that Billy Dee Williams was the actor Baldwin had in mind. Baldwin was not allowed to speak at the March on Washington for fear that he would be too inflammatory or go off script. Instead, Burt Lancaster read his speech. (Yes, you read that right)

Baldwin was pilloried in the latter part of his life and deemed passé by publications like Time Magazine that had only years earlier placed him on the cover.

We dive into all of this in our interview.

Nick Boggs uses a new and ingenious framing to explore the iconic writer’s life and legacy. Unlike many previous biographies that focus primarily on Baldwin’s public and literary life, Boggs uses both narrative nonfiction and a traditional biography to examine how key relationships in Baldwin’s life shaped his work and outlook. The book looks at family, friendships, and rivalries, but the core tentpoles are four intimate and artistic relationships with men Baldwin loved deeply: The Black American painter Beauford Delaney, the Swiss painter Lucien Happersberger, the Turkish actor Engin Cezzar, and the French artist Yoran Cazac, who co-authored a children’s book with Baldwin.

* Mentor/painter Beauford Delaney

* Swiss painter-lover Lucien Happersberger

* Turkish actor/collaborator Engin Cezzar

* French artist/love-figure Yoran Cazac

By framing Baldwin’s life through these relationships — emotional, romantic, artistic, sometimes combative — he draws out how Baldwin’s private life and public work intertwine and provide a backdrop to better understand how Baldwin navigated a world that was not always ready to accept or acknowledge his genius, but seemed more than willing to weaponize his longing and vulnerability.

Boggs traveled to Harlem, Paris, Switzerland, Istanbul, Africa, the American South, and the South of France, tracing Baldwin’s multi-culti, transnational life. He spent a decade drawing on newly unearthed archival material, original interviews, and rich research.

This was a RICH and multi-layered conversation about a man that means so much to so many but is nonetheless still so misunderstood. For some, he’s a civil rights activist who brought A-listers together to interrogate racism. Legions see him as a gifted writer, poet, filmmaker, director, fashion icon, and a clapback king who lives forever in a constant stream of memes online that let us almost speak him in the present tense. He was an early LGBTQ warrior before the world had the language to even talk openly about sexuality and gender agency. He was/is an example of reinvention, a spinner of inspirational prose, and a former childhood street preacher who never fully stepped away from the proverbial pulpit.

I hope you will watch and listen to the full interview with Nicholas Boggs here on Substack. I also hope you will take the teen to dive into. his book. It is the first biography of Baldwin in more than 30 years and this work adds much to our understanding of Baldwin’s life and legacy. And finally, I hope you will share your thoughts on the book, Baldwin, and his influence on your own life.

THANK YOU, NICK, for making time for this.

PS. The Baldwin bit of wisdom that I return to time and time again:

“You have to decide who you are and force the world to deal with you, not with its ideal of you” - James Baldwin.

My best to all of you, Michele!

References and Extras:

Debate: James Baldwin v. William F. Buckley (1965)

Black Atlantic Accent on Dick Cavett

James Baldwin and Nikki Giovanni “A Conversation”. Full Broadcast Video

Thanks for reading! This post is public so feel free to share it.

ABOUT NICHOLAS BOGGS:

Nicholas Boggs is the New York Times bestselling author of Baldwin: A Love Story, the first major biography of the iconic figure in over three decades. He also co-edited a new edition of Baldwin’s collaboration with French artist Yoran Cazac, Little Man, Little Man: A Story of Childhood (2018). He is the recipient of a 2023 Whiting Creative Nonfiction Grant and fellowships from the Leon Levy Center for Biography, the Scholars-in-Residence program at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, the Gilder Lehrman Center and Beinecke Library at Yale, and the National Endowment for the Humanities, as well as residencies at Yaddo and MacDowell. Most recently he was the 2024-2025 John Hope Franklin Fellow at the National Humanities Center. Born and raised in Washington, D.C., he received his BA from Yale and his PhD from Columbia, both in English, as well as an MFA in Creative Writing from American University. He now resides in New York City.

We reflect on the emotional gut punch of losing such a historic space —the East Wing’s special role as a public-facing foyer that welcomed thousands of visitors —and what the demolition means for national identity and a democracy under threat. Dyer also shares memories, insights, and insider knowledge, noting the timing of the demolition is particularly galling. The White House would normally be revving up the engines for the Holiday season, a process Dyer describes in our conversation. And yes, the East Wing was obliterated in less time than it takes to hang the ornaments and decorate the White House. It took just four days to erase a structure meant to stand strong into the future both for the building’s residents and for the nation as a whole. It’s all gone, reduced to a tangled mass of brick, concrete and steel. But our memories remain, and so must our steely resolve to hold on to Democracy and the foundational principle that the White House belongs to no one person or one administration. It belongs to the people of this country. All the people of this country.

In my conversation with Deesha, we also walked down memory lane and discussed our most cherished memories of our time in the East Wing. So many of us treasure photos from tours, holiday celebrations, work accomplished, and meetings held inside that wing. I raised my kids in DC. I used to cover the White House for ABC News. My Husband worked there in two administrations. Our kids visited the space first in strollers, and then in stride rights as toddlers and eventually as young adults. Our grandson, thankfully got to marvel at the magical, almost other worldly decorations. All those photos from all those visits to the White House, and the East Wing in particular, that sit in boxes, scrapbooks, and on our phones over the years are now historic relics that must be found and preserved for posterity.

The East Wing is gone.

Our memories are forever. I pray that the art and artifacts inside the building were saved. I hope that the demolition of the East Wing is a North Star of sorts that reminds us that democracy can also be obliterated if Americans don’t stand up and fight for it.

It’s a big world. Lotta stories.

Michele

Do you have an East Wing memory? If you do, we’d love to hear it or see it in the comments below.

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Thanks for reading! This post is public so feel free to share it.

REFERNCES AND NOTES:

Behind the Scenes in the East Wing: Social Secretaries to the First Ladies

From the archives: Jacqueline Kennedy’s televised tour of the White House in 1962

#InsideTheEastWing: Letters to the First Lady

Deesha Dyer:

Deesha Dyer is a philanthropist, award-winning strategist and author, on-the-ground community organizer, and executive operations expert. Working her way up from a 31-year old community college student who served as a White House intern for President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama, Deesha ended her government career as the White House social secretary, a highly-coveted senior position. She is currently the founder and president of social impact agency, Hook & Fasten where she coordinates transformational partnerships by utilizing a company’s funds, skills, resources or product to ignite sustainable change in communities.

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Special thank you to the fans at @wearedagild for their support and questions!

ABOUT ERICA ARMSTRONG DUNBAR:

Erica Armstrong Dunbar received her B.A. in History and Africana Studies from the University of Pennsylvania and her Ph.D. in History from Columbia University. Her area of expertise centers the lives of eighteenth and nineteenth century Black women who lived in what would become the United States of America. Her work focuses on the history of slavery and freedom, social history, urban history, and women’s history. While Dunbar is committed to the production of scholarly literature, she is deeply invested in more public facing work—scholarship that reaches large general audiences through television, film, radio, and podcasts.

Dunbar’s first book, A Fragile Freedom: African American Women and Emancipation in the Antebellum City was published by Yale University in 2008. Her second book, Never Caught: The Washingtons’ Relentless Pursuit of Their Runaway Slave, Ona Judge (Simon & Schuster) was a finalist for the National Book Award in nonfiction and a co-winner of the 2018 Frederick Douglass Book Prize. The young readers version of Never Caught (Aladdin/Simon and Schuster) was published in January 2019. In the fall of 2019, Dunbar published She Came To Slay: The Life and Times of Harriet Tubman, an accessible biography of one of the most remarkable social activists of the 19th century. Dunbar’s op-eds and essays in outlets such as the New York Times, The Nation, TIME, Essence, and the New York Review of Books, her commentary in media outlets such as CNN and the LA Times, and her appearances in documentaries such as “The Abolitionists” an American Experience production on PBS, the History Channel’s biopic of George Washington, Kareem Abdul Jabbar’s Black Patriots, and Ken Burns’ Benjamin Franklin, place her at the center of America’s public history. More recently, Dunbar has expanded her audience by serving as Co-Executive Producer on HBO’s hit television series, “The Gilded Age.”

From 2019-2022, Dunbar served as the National Director of the Association of Black Women Historians–the only professional organization focused on Black women’s history. From 2011-2018, she served as the inaugural Director of the Program in African American History at the Library Company of Philadelphia.

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ABOUT ERICA ARMSTRONG DUNBAR:

Erica Armstrong Dunbar received her B.A. in History and Africana Studies from the University of Pennsylvania and her Ph.D. in History from Columbia University. Her area of expertise centers the lives of eighteenth and nineteenth century Black women who lived in what would become the United States of America. Her work focuses on the history of slavery and freedom, social history, urban history, and women’s history. While Dunbar is committed to the production of scholarly literature, she is deeply invested in more public facing work—scholarship that reaches large general audiences through television, film, radio, and podcasts.

Dunbar’s first book, A Fragile Freedom: African American Women and Emancipation in the Antebellum City was published by Yale University in 2008. Her second book, Never Caught: The Washingtons’ Relentless Pursuit of Their Runaway Slave, Ona Judge (Simon & Schuster) was a finalist for the National Book Award in nonfiction and a co-winner of the 2018 Frederick Douglass Book Prize. The young readers version of Never Caught (Aladdin/Simon and Schuster) was published in January 2019. In the fall of 2019, Dunbar published She Came To Slay: The Life and Times of Harriet Tubman, an accessible biography of one of the most remarkable social activists of the 19th century. Dunbar’s op-eds and essays in outlets such as the New York Times, The Nation, TIME, Essence, and the New York Review of Books, her commentary in media outlets such as CNN and the LA Times, and her appearances in documentaries such as “The Abolitionists” an American Experience production on PBS, the History Channel’s biopic of George Washington, Kareem Abdul Jabbar’s Black Patriots, and Ken Burns’ Benjamin Franklin, place her at the center of America’s public history. More recently, Dunbar has expanded her audience by serving as Co-Executive Producer on HBO’s hit television series, “The Gilded Age.”

From 2019-2022, Dunbar served as the National Director of the Association of Black Women Historians–the only professional organization focused on Black women’s history. From 2011-2018, she served as the inaugural Director of the Program in African American History at the Library Company of Philadelphia.

TRANSCRIPT WITH LINKS TO RESOURCES

Michele Norris (00:08)

I hope you have a strong sense of how much people love this show.

I mean, they just have gone in deep and hard. And on Sunday nights, I just imagine that people are sitting with their own little cups of tea, talking to the TV, and then everyone spends the entire week talking about it afterwards. So thank you so much for all that you have brought to the show in terms of depth and purpose, and of course, historic accuracy. I mean, the show really does reflect your work and your spirit.

Erica Dunbar (00:43)

Sunday nights, after about 9.55 PM, my phone goes bananas, like every, every Sunday.

You know, I always say the same thing. I know, keep watching. You know, I can't, of course, reveal anything, but it's really, I don't know. It's, this season in particular has struck a chord.

with so many viewers. And I think what tickles me the most is that our viewership is growing across demographics, ⁓ interests. People who you think wouldn't necessarily watch the show are totally watching the show.

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Michele Norris (01:31)

Yeah, they're totally watching it.

So we are talking to Erica Armstrong Dunbar at a really interesting point in the run of this latest season. If you watched Sunday night show, you know that it ended quite literally with a bang. There is only one more episode left in the season. Is that correct?

So we're coming up on the season finale and Erica has brought so much to the show, depth, spirit, historic accuracy. And we're gonna talk to her about all of that. First of all, Erica, how did you get involved in this? Julian Fellows, who writes the show, also wrote Downton Abbey. ⁓ Did you knock on his door? Did he knock on your door? How did this happen?

Erica Dunbar (02:14)

No, no, I did not knock on Lord fellow's door. I wish that ⁓ I had, you know, had those kinds of connections, but no, ⁓ back in 2019, ⁓ when the show was sort of still in development. And I can talk a little bit about sort of the show originating really with NBC Universal. And then they're becoming a sort of

Michele Norris (02:41)

You

Erica Dunbar (02:43)

partnership with HBO, ⁓ one of the executive producers, David Crockett, had reached out to me. And he said, listen, you know, I'm working on a show. It was very sort of not quite cloak and dagger-y, but I didn't know the specifics of the show. ⁓ And he said, ⁓

I understand you're an expert in African-American women's history in the 19th century. And we have a storyline in our show that centers a black woman in the 19th century. And I'm wondering if you'd be willing to take a look at some scripts and to weigh in on historical accuracy and to just sort of give us your thoughts. And I was like,

Okay, sure. I had no idea what the show was. I didn't know the title of the show, nor did I know the writer. you know, I signed a million NDAs and then they sent me, I think it was two scripts at first. And, you know, I did what historian professors do, like I marked it up. You know, I just read it and wrote,

Erica Dunbar (04:05)

sort of notes on the side and did a sort of ⁓ light redlining, red line marks on the scripts. And I returned them. And ⁓ that was that. I sent them to the producer. And shortly afterwards, I don't remember how much time passed, not much, ⁓ I got a call from the producer and he said, hey, listen, we really appreciated your comments.

⁓ and corrections and, the creator of the show would like to meet you. And I said, okay. And he said, Julian fellows is the creator of the show. I was like, wait, freeze. Like Julian fellows as in Downton, like the show that I watch all of the time. And he said, yes, he's the creator of the show. told me.

Michele Norris (04:54)

Yes.

Erica Dunbar (05:03)

the title and he said, um, Julian will be up in Newport. We're scouting locations and can we fly you up to meet him? Um, uh, from, was in Philadelphia and, uh, I said, okay, be happy to. And so, you know, it was a quick visit and I showed up and you know, that moment when you think you're just having a meeting.

But then you walk into the room and you realize it's a job interview. It was sort of like that ⁓ Julian, as well as several of the other ⁓ creatives, producers, were sitting at this table. It was very kind of like heavily wood paneled in Newport, Rhode Island. And we just started kind of talking about his vision behind the show and his vision in particular.

Erica Dunbar (05:58)

for ⁓ Peggy Scott and the decision to have to focus on a black family. And he asked me, said, you know, I've read this book called Black Gotham ⁓ that ⁓ follows the life ⁓ of, I said, I know, Philip White. And he said,

you know the book? said, yeah. Well, my friend Carla Peterson wrote that book. And he was like, ⁓ OK, so you understand? I said, yes. It really sort of it's a family history that talks about ⁓ kind of Black New York, more specifically Black Brooklyn at that time period. And so we talked, talked. And the next thing I know, ⁓ Julian said, well, we would love to have you join the team. And I said, sure.

And I literally walked out and I called my husband. said, I think I just got a job. I don't really know what I'm doing, but I'm assuming I'll be like doing history stuff. And so of course, later on, you know, I came on originally as a historical consultant for, and someone who was, I would argue, doing kind of sensitivity reads for, for now.

Michele Norris (06:56)

Hahaha! So we should say that every week we see your name prominently as co-executive producer. And every time I see it, I just yelp a little bit. I am so proud of you.

Erica Dunbar (07:28)

Thank you. I sort of feel a little bit like ⁓ Jack the clockmaker in that I kind of got the promotion where I came in as a consultant, just kind of weighing in on historical accuracy. And then over time, you know, I was kind of working more with the creatives on the show and I was promoted to a consulting producer.

And then ⁓ over time, again, I was ⁓ promoted to a co-executive producer. And for anyone who is a historian and academic like me, this is stuff that, just doesn't happen to us at all.

Michele Norris (08:14)

Well, can I get an interruption for…anybody, even in Hollywood, to make that leap. I executive producer titles, co, full, whatever it is, they are not handed out like candy. It is a rare thing. And so it says so much about the importance of your contributions and your centrality in the show. So when you met Julian Fellows, he had imagined Peggy Scott already. How did you help him?

Erica Dunbar (08:32)

Thank you.

Michele Norris (08:41)

fill out her storyline and her family. Where do we see your contributions in her story?

Erica Dunbar (08:49)

Yeah, I feel comfortable talking about this now in part because Denee Benton, who plays Peggy Scott, has been very vocal and transparent about the changes in Peggy's storyline. And what I'll say and what I said to the creative team back in 2019, 2020 is that it's my job and my mission and my goal to represent black people in ways that are authentic and truthful. ⁓ And to be very honest, it was, I saw this as an opportunity to do television around black people at a certain moment in time with a different kind of storyline that we haven't seen on television. And as someone who focuses on the 19th century, and in particular,

the ⁓ sort of stories of slavery and the afterlife of slavery. This just seemed ripe with potential. And Dene Benton, you know, I met fairly early on ⁓ and, ⁓ you know, we talked a bit and she was also very vocal in helping ⁓ reshape the sort of, the character arc of not just Peggy, but her family. so ⁓ originally, ⁓ Peggy was slotted to be a domestic. And while this was a very, you know, as a historian, I understood this to be, you know, this was very realistic that the majority of black women who are working outside of the home in New York, were domestics and there were especially in other places across the nation because there were very very little opportunity anywhere else. But thinking back on Carla Peterson's book Black Gotham which Julian had read and liked, ⁓ we were able to help suggest that perhaps a domestic wasn't ⁓ the best way to introduce a Black woman in the 19th century with this specific family. Now, there were also very real intricacies in the story that had to tie to Peggy's ⁓ involvement and interest and engagement on 61st Street. Like, okay, what's a black woman doing in 61st Street, ⁓ eventually living with the Van Ryn family. And ⁓ it really became ⁓ clear that we could do it leaning on real historical characters and writers in particular. ⁓ And so it became clear that Peggy could inhabit a space on 61st Street, not as a domestic, but to come in as a secretary, which was still a staff position, but a respected one that implied literacy that ⁓ also would give us and Julian a way in to write a story about a woman who was aspiring to be a writer and a novelist and journalist. so Denee and I really, you we had conversations ⁓ with Julian, with the other creatives, with the network, and they all agreed that it was a great opportunity to do something that we had never seen...on television before and to be very honest, one that ⁓ I felt like black folks would watch. ⁓

Michele Norris (12:47)

Yeah, was this in the wake of George Floyd? Was there a strange, I don't want to use the word dividend because that would be so wrong, but you know, an awareness about widening the aperture in black life and perhaps a curiosity that didn't exist because we do know that there was just an appetite for black stories, black books, black films. Did that play a role in this at all?

Erica Dunbar (13:10)

Yes and no. We had already kind of made the decision that ⁓ we would change ⁓ Peggy's story arc and Julian was writing that. ⁓ And this happened. were sitting at our ⁓ first table read. March, March 10th or something around then, 2020. We were slotted to begin production very soon.

Michele Norris (13:13)

Okay.

Erica Dunbar (13:40)

Which of course did not happen because of the pandemic. So there was a pause kind of that was horrendous for the world, fortuitous for the show, and that it gave us more time ⁓ to rework, reimagine. And I think that the murder of George Floyd ⁓ just drove home.

Michele Norris (13:42)

Right.

Erica Dunbar (14:08)

The importance of ⁓ the need for these kinds of stories. So it ⁓ did not reshape it, but I think it just kind of put an exclamation point on what we already sort of knew. ⁓ once again, the pandemic gave us time, gave Julian time ⁓ to write. We brought on another writer as well, ⁓ Sonia Warfield is a black woman. ⁓ who joined the team. And so that by the time we started shooting, which was October of 2020, which to be very honest was still pretty scary because there were no vaccines yet. And what I will say to HBO's credit is that not one person got sick. We were so fastidious about testing, preventative that they were digging in my brain every time you went on set, while you were on set, when you were after set. So.

Michele Norris (15:14)

⁓ You mean with those, you remember when they used to do the tests with those Q-tips that were like two feet long?

Erica Dunbar (15:19)

That went to your brain. You were like, did I just see that Q-tip?

⁓ That was the only way we could ensure the safety of our actors who could not be masked during their scenes. So we shot all of, pretty much all of season one or much of it during COVID. And when the show premiered, we actually, couldn't have a premiere party because it was Omicron. Omicron came back and messed everything up. so ⁓ when we got a season two, there was an actor and writer strike and so we didn't have a premiere then. And so it really wasn't.

Michele Norris (15:58)

Yeah, so this is amazing that what you've had to plow through to get this on. I want to ask you about ⁓ the building the characters. And it's interesting because they're leading parallel lives. I Peggy comes from people of means. that's you see that in her carriage. You see that in the way she break from the beginning, you know, when when the two of them meet at the train station and develop a friendship. ⁓ But there there's this interesting thing that's going on is there their homes are similar but very different. They dress similarly, but very different. The color palette is different. Part of that is because the Van Ryn sisters are older and a little bit fusty, if I can use that word. You they wear lot of lace and you kind of have a, you know, arsenic and old lace kind of feeling in that. The rooms are always really dark. Even then there was the... 18th century version of, excuse me, the 19th century version of bling, ⁓ the black characters, they just, know, in a recent episode, Peggy came out in this like asymmetrical gown that looked like, is that, is that like, I see hints of Wakanda in that or something. So, you can you just talk a little bit about how you helped them and props to the fashion designer—on this who's done such amazing work. But can you talk a little bit about what you brought to historic accuracy and not just who the characters were, but how they present in the world, their clothing, their homes, their speech?

Erica Dunbar (17:21)

Yeah, Tasha. Yeah, Tasha.

Yeah, and it's so yeah shout out to the costume department because and Kasha who runs ⁓ Who's the lead costumer? She's done a magnificent job with everyone and in particular understanding the subtleties ⁓ of fashion and representation for black women in the 19th century and as you've suggested, you know.

We see Agnes Van Ryn and Ada presented in a kind of older, perhaps more conservative ⁓ dress and appeal and adornment, we'll say, right? Their home is birth. And birth is like, hey, I'm new, I'm here. Like, let's go, right? ⁓ I'm not about that life. I'm about this life. And ⁓ yes, good luck. ⁓

Michele Norris (18:15)

And Bertha is like, whoo. And hope you can keep up, you know.

Erica Dunbar (18:32)

And what I think is great is that ⁓ we've been able to, just through presentation of adornment, show where these families are coming from, what they're attempting to be, what they're attempting to present, right? And so for the Scott family, which is still going to be very trapped in what we would maybe call the politics of respectability in the late 19th century. ⁓ Arthur Scott had been enslaved himself ⁓ and his wife had not. But they have climbed their way up to what we would call the Black elite in the late 19th century. And so some of the colors and daring fabrics that we see a birth aware aside from the fact that she's super loaded, like she's got money, money, right? That's not necessarily something that ⁓ black women in 19th century New York would feel comfortable wearing in part because of the history attached to black women, their bodies and being seen, right? So especially in respectable circles. So the understanding that

One needed to be adorned appropriately with colors that weren't too loud, that would not draw too much attention. And we have to think also about how that was ⁓ a nod to the need for protection of Black women's bodies, right? ⁓

Michele Norris (20:15)

Yeah. Yeah. And we should say that at that time, there were a lot of immigrants coming to America who would have been very jealous of the Scott family and all that they had acquired.

Erica Dunbar (20:22)

Of course, all that they had acquired and whether it was sort of new immigrants or ⁓ white Americans who'd been in this country for a long time, that would be adding fuel to the fire of ⁓ jealousy, of anger, of misplaced jealousy and anger.

And so the kind of more subtle, refined nature. Now, it doesn't mean that black women couldn't step out and couldn't ⁓ show themselves in ways that were just gorgeous. And one of the things that costuming does is they have storyboards that come in and I look at them ⁓ and they're photos from the Schomburg and fabrics and everything attached that sort of ⁓ narrates what Peggy or Dorothy

and now Elizabeth Kirkland's ⁓ wardrobe will look like over the seasons. And I say, that's a story in itself, right? So if you think about...

Michele Norris (21:20)

You were relying on pictures and photos from the Beinecke and from the Schomburg and...

Erica Dunbar (21:30)

Yes, most certainly everything from ⁓ style, bustle size ⁓ to... Now, of course, there's some ⁓ liberty taken because it's Hollywood and because we can and because people want to see a pretty dress. ⁓ But I will say, if you look at Peggy's attire in season one versus where she is in season three, it's very different.

Season one, we meet a woman who is attempting to put her life back together. She has a secret. We don't know what that secret is. She has been off on her own in Philadelphia. Shout out to Philly. ⁓ And on her way back to New York in an uncomfortable position with her family, estranged from her father. And...

a little less bling, a little, you know, she's much more understated because she'd been kind of doing things on her own. And it isn't really until we move into a season two, when she's established in back in New York, she's ⁓ living with Agnes and Ada, but of course she's back home, back and forth to Brooklyn. And you kind of see, you know, Peggy's wardrobe tick up a notch or two. So by the time we hit season three,

Michele Norris (22:31)

Hmm?

Erica Dunbar (23:00)

And she's actually being courted by season three. There's a splendor that I think we've all been waiting to see. And it kind of is telling the story, I think, of a butterfly who is waiting or about to come out of

Michele Norris (23:03)

So you mentioned ⁓ she's being courted ⁓ by someone who's based on an actual character. Mr. Fortune was based on someone who was real. So how much liberty did you take in creating characters that were totally fictional? we meet real characters that are coming through, particularly in the woman suffrage movement and in the temperance movement. How much liberty did you have to draw upon actual history? And where did you actually do that?

Erica Dunbar (23:53)

Well, beginning with ⁓ T. Thomas Fortune, you know, I think once again, there's a real responsibility that I feel ⁓ as a historian to ⁓ present our characters, those that are fictional, but especially those that are non-fictional, right? In ways that are as close to accurate as possible. Now, with all of our characters on the show, we take a little bit of license, right?

And with T. Thomas Fortune, know, I'll, you know, I will take a little bit of credit for saying, suggesting that, that we needed him as a character in our show. In part because we have, we know that our, many of our white characters are like kind of composite characters, the, ⁓ the Russells or that, but we have, of course, the Astors and ⁓ this season, JP Morgan and, know, people who, those are recognizable names.

People who were living. And originally we did not have that for our black cast. We had composite characters. And T. Thomas Fortune was a way to tether the story to a real person and to a person who was extremely important in the 19th century. He was these kind of journalist daddy of in New York and really nationally.

At that moment. so given the desire to have Peggy want to be a writer, it made total sense to bring him in. Now with that said, it's not a documentary, it's a drama. And so we are going to take license in some places, ⁓ but we are mindful of ⁓ reputations, of status, ⁓ and we didn't necessarily, we don't want to, malign someone's characters if they are like were a real person. ⁓ And so much of the storyline around Fortune and who he was and what he did, all of that is accurate, even down to like the kind of printing press that we had to bring ⁓ to location, which weighed like, I don't know how many tons. we literally had the crew had to go in and re-support the floor with more beam.

Michele Norris (26:17)

My goodness, it was that heavy.

Erica Dunbar (26:19)

Yes, in order to support the printing press, which you see in season one when Peggy walks in to meet him. So those things are accurate. But once again, Peggy is a fictional character. So...

Michele Norris (26:24)

Yeah.

She's in, she's, because that was my next question, is she a totally fictional character or were you pulling a little bit of this and a little bit of that to create that character?

Erica Dunbar (26:40)

She's a fictional character based on ⁓ some of our kind of trailblazing ⁓ black women writers ⁓ at the time, like Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, we see in season three, little Ida B. Wells. So in some ways she's that, but no, she is a fictional character, ⁓ but we'll call her kind of composite.

Michele Norris (26:51)

And what about her parents, Arthur and Dorothy? Are they composite also? Was there a black pharmacist in Brooklyn who Arthur Scott could be based on?

Erica Dunbar (27:12)

Her parents are...

Yes, his name was Philip White. And he was actually, I believe it's the great grandfather, forgive me Carla, ⁓ in Carla Peterson's book, it's her ancestor. And while it's not exactly the same story, it's loosely kind of based on the fact that yes, he was there. He went to ⁓ pharmacy school. He had multiple locations and he was a prominent businessman. And so...

Yes, all of that, all of it is grounded in the research that I do to kind of help inform these characters in the show. so with Fortune, to be honest, in season two, when Peggy and ⁓ T. Thomas Fortune go down to Alabama and they are confronted with racial violence, there's this moment in a barn where they kiss. And it's the only kind of inappropriate moment between the two. there was a lot of talk about, you know, okay, how do we do this without crossing the line, without ⁓ damaging his reputation? And, you know, once again, it's fictional, but also look, in...terrifying moments of danger. People do things that they don't necessarily imagine or wouldn't have done when they are not confronted with maybe this is it, like this could be it. And T. Thomas Forgen had kind of shot off his mouth in the restaurant and they had to like get out of Dodge quickly and he did have a kind of a bravado about him.

—And a righteous indignation where he would, he sued a hotel that refused to serve him, right? He was the actual T. Thomas Fortune, yes. So this is all informed by our T. Thomas Fortune played by Sullivan Jones that was, you know, that's kind of who he was. And then they're in this situation where, you know, they're being hunted.

Michele Norris (29:22)

So you're actually talking about the actual T. Thomas Fortune, actual.

Erica Dunbar (29:43)

And they're not in New York and they're in a barn in Alabama and ⁓ things happen, right? And so we, for dramatic purpose, we needed that to happen. was a kind of, you saw from the beginning, there was a chemistry between the two of them. And then though it was important, I think that that was dialed back, ⁓ you know, like a recognition once that danger was over. You know, okay, how do we have these two in close proximity? How do we have Peggy who by then, you know, America loved and, ⁓ you know, to, with the kind of reminder of her mother, it was like, you know, I raised you better than that, ⁓ to set things straight. so back to the original question, which was, you know, the representation of are real characters and ⁓ those that are composite or fictitious. I think it's important one way or another ⁓ in terms of their presentation, but we can't get trapped in this idea that these black people wore capes and they were perfect and they didn't mess up and they didn't have inappropriate thoughts and even though they're the black elite, that they always moved and lived and ⁓ functioned according to the rules, that too is inauthentic and inaccurate, right? And so we're walking that line of trying to present a different image that we haven't seen on television before in a way that shows the failings of human beings, but also the strength and also, you know, I think this season in particular, there's a different tone to the Scott storyline.

Michele Norris (31:42)

You mentioned the Black Elite. I'm gonna come back to that in a minute. But it must be wonderful to be able to give someone like Sullivan Jones a dossier, basically saying this is the character you're portraying and this is how he walked in the earth and this is what he did and this is what he looked like and this is what he wore and what a wonderful gift to the actors. In terms of the Black Elite, one of the things that was a little bit...revealing and also kind of heartbreaking as a viewer was to see ⁓ in Arthur Scott's character, a man who had risen from slavery to prominence, wonderful, but the way that he was looked down upon by other black people because he once was enslaved. That instead of, know, they didn't necessarily see all that he had done, they saw all that he was and stopped there. And that folks were already dividing themselves, based on that, based on skin color, which is a huge storyline in season three, is heartbreaking. In a moment where we're stepping into freedom as a people for the first time.

Erica Dunbar (32:55)

Yeah, it is.

Michele Norris (32:57)

heartbreaking, I assume very accurate.

Erica Dunbar (33:00)

It is. I think, you know, once again, we wanted, when we made the decision this season, to do more of an intra, a story that focused on the kind of intra politics or intra relations between black folks. Which we could only really do by expanding the cast, which we did ⁓ in a way that's just been absolutely grand. ⁓ And I think gives real teeth.

Michele Norris (33:39)

And it just keeps going. mean, Leslie Uggams, suddenly I was like, is that, is that? Yes, it is.

Erica Dunbar (33:44)

Yes. I mean, and just, you know, I, for those who haven't seen yet, just her, you know, and she's worked with Ms. Rashad before, so they've, you know, they have a relationship and, you know, let me just, let me stop and say, you know, being on set with Felicia Rashad and Leslie Uggums and Audra McDonald, and Denée Benton and, you know, Brian Stokes Mitchell. It is...

It is a little bit oh, I'm gonna talk about the skies. I'm not even talking about everybody else, right? Which then just makes you feel like you're on Mars. But it is otherworldly. as a middle-aged historian who spent her life reading, writing, teaching Black history,

Michele Norris (34:15)

and Christine Baranski and you know.

Erica Dunbar (34:43)

To suddenly kind of be in this position when you're on set and working with ⁓ the fantastic Sally Richardson-Witfield, who's directing and producing, and she'll say, Erica, come here, tell me, da, da, da, is this that? Where should she sit? How should he stand? Those are things that most academics ⁓ don't imagine will come into our.

Our wheelhouse at any moment, and nor did I. But what I will say is this.

As a historian, I write and I teach, people are gonna read my books, people are gonna sit in my classes, but I will never have four million people a week or five million people or seven million, however many it is, who are tuning into a show. I won't be able to touch that many people ever. And even if I can do it in the smallest of ways and say, okay, creative team,

We need Frances Ellen Watkins Harper in this. If we're gonna talk about suffrage, this can't just be about white women and suffrage, but there's a way to integrate someone who, as a writer, was fantastic, who, as an activist, was fantastic. If I can do, if people hear that name, if they hear T. Thomas Fortune, if they see...

Booker T. Washington played, you know, before he was Booker T. Washington, right? Then I feel like I've done something that I've, I have introduced these characters and this history into the mainstream, the most mainstream way of the kind of American cultural landscape. And some people will like it and some people won't, but I feel like, you know, it's...

Like when your mother used to give you medicine with a little sugar sprinkled on top, I feel like that's sort of what we get to do with the Gilded Age.

Michele Norris (36:51)

Yeah, well, it doesn't feel like medicine. feels like protein.

It feels really, really, really wonderful. An observation. The Van Rynes we learned very early on ⁓ had been supporting black classes in Pennsylvania. They had been supporting the free school. And this is a show that really is all about the tensions between old money and new money. And I'm wondering if...you're making a statement there also in that the people who were part of the old money, you know, she notes that they'd been there since the 16, you know, since 16s, whatever, whatever, when they arrived. But new money people were so worried about being accepted that they perhaps were less willing to support some of those causes. And I'm wondering if that was a moment ⁓ where money didn't flow in that direction, support didn't flow in that direction. That there was less energy that moved in that direction because the new money crowd was so worried about establishing themselves that they didn't actually support some of the causes that the old money generations were willing to support, particularly when it came to people of color and maybe new immigrants, maybe even the movements movement.

Erica Dunbar (38:07)

Yeah, think I'm glad you make that point because it's exactly what we're trying to do, which is because Agnes and Ada are older and we can tie them ⁓ season one, they make it very clear that their father was a patron ⁓ of the Institute for Colored Youth, which later on became Cheney University, ⁓ that we're making these kind of early connections, we could call them abolitionist, you know, collect connections in the 1830s, 40s, 50s, before way before the show. And that there were New Yorkers and Pennsylvanians and people from throughout the North who were invested in notions of reform, whether it was abolition, whether it was the right for black men to vote, whether it was suffrage. And so there's a way that we kind of tether Agnes, who doesn't necessarily seem like she would be someone, you know, interested in that camp, but we get to be sort of surprised by her over and over again. Even her relationship with Peggy is somewhat surprising. There is a respect that, and a respect for the grit that she sees in Peggy, that it's the only way this relationship can work. It's the only way that a Black woman in 1883, or, you know, can live on 61st Street. she's, if you notice, there are no Black servants in the Russell household.

Michele Norris (39:50)

I noticed. I noticed. And I asked that question with Bertha in mind, would she ever invite a Peggy into her world? Or would she be concerned about what Lady Astor would say?

Erica Dunbar (40:07)

More than likely, she would be worried. But remember, we haven't done a deep dive yet on Bertha's background. We've done a little bit. We've met her sister in season three. And so I think when we know about a person's roots, then we can make ⁓ kind of better assumptions about them. But at first glance, we see there's no one Black ⁓ working in the Russell household.

And that wouldn't be unusual at all. That would not be unusual for the wealthiest of the wealthy, right? And there's a difference in scale when we look at the home that Bertha and George are living in versus what Agnes and Ada have. There's wealth and then there's wealth, new wealth too, right? And so we get to see ⁓ the only way that it makes...any kind of sense and even still a little bit ⁓ of a stretch to have ⁓ Peggy living with ⁓ Agnes and Ada, we had to make it some a way that it was somewhat believable. And even still sometimes their moments were like, really? Okay, but we do our best. We do our best.

Michele Norris (41:26)

Well, they said yes pretty quickly. I know the weather was bad and she couldn't get to, the fairies weren't running, but it still is hard to imagine that the Van Ryn sisters would get to yes that quickly. I love the way that you have teased out Bertha. I think you're gonna have to come back and talk to us again. Maybe after the season finale, we'll have another conversation about this.

Because we know that Bertha, we intuit that Bertha has probably been to sorrow’s kitchen and licked all the pots…and she is never going back there again.

You know, she is pure ambition, not just driven by what's in front of her, but what's behind her. She's not going back there again. And I look forward to knowing, you know, what she left behind. And Mr. Russell has a little bit of that in him too. And we're seeing that little bit of that street fighter in him in season three. ⁓ One of the surprising things also is, the presence of blacks in Newport.

Erica Dunbar (42:26)

Yeah. Yeah.

Michele Norris (42:27)

And that's not just a contrivance for the show. That actually is historically accurate as well.

Erica Dunbar (42:35)

It is, I mean, we did, ⁓ we spent a lot of time, when we made the decision that season three was going to incorporate more ⁓ black joy. ⁓ You know, season one was very heavy when we find out Peggy's secret. Season two starts off super heavy because we're basically going to meet ⁓ the grave site of her child.

who had been given up for adoption against her knowledge. ⁓ And we kind of, and then there's, you know, Alabama and the reminder and Tuskegee was important because it's like, all right, we have this show about what's happening in New York and this small group of black folks who've, you know, accumulated some kind of wealth, but the rest of the country is kind of living more like this. It was important for us for that to register for authenticity sake. And by the time we hit season three, it's like, okay, ⁓ a reminder that it doesn't have to be dark all the time. It's a reminder that, look, even in the midst of oppression and ⁓ the rollback of rights that had come out of reconstruction, which is happening right at that sort of moment, that black people didn't walk around every day, all day saying, whoa, it's me. And, you know, I can only think about this. No, people lived and they loved and they went to church and they danced and they had great meals. And yes, they, their lives were touched frequently by the indignities of racism, of violence.

But that we needn't show that all of the time. And to be honest, what I hear from viewers ⁓ is that they're like relieved. Like they want to see that. It's not a negation of what also was happening, but it's an attempt to allow us to think about the storylines that our white characters, you know, focus on. We look at, you know, Elizabeth Kirkland.

And how is she different from Bertha, from someone who is trying to manage their children's future, right? And Newport, when I was reading the actual Globe, so part of what I do is I'll read through the 1883, 1884 articles in the Globe.

And one of the things I saw over and over again was that, you know, it would announce when Mrs. Jones goes to Newport or Mr. Williams returns from Newport, right? And so it was a sort of trigger like, you know what, we're in Newport with our other storylines. Why can't we be in Newport with the Scots? You know, it would make sense. And so...there's a significant amount of research on the sort of small yet ⁓ important community of Black folks who lived and worked and some summered ⁓ in Newport and that there was a growing entrepreneurial class there ⁓ that in part because it became a sort of resort location, we know that opportunity in terms of labor always opens up with that.

So, but it was also a place in which discrimination of course existed, but it didn't feel as, as oppressive as much of the thumb on the scale by the 1880s, the schools were desegregated that, you know, begrudgingly, but they were. And so there was a way I think for us to step into leisure culture this season for black people.

And we did that not just through Newport, but also through the baseball game, know, sort of reminding folks that, yeah, people went to see baseball games and this is the precursor to the Negro league. So, and there was of course, and all of this is, you know, factual. There were ⁓ black baseball teams that played one another across the nation. And, it was a way once again to remind our viewers, like this too is everyday life for black people. It isn't just being ⁓ followed in Bloomingdale's like we see in season one or being told to leave, right? But that.

Michele Norris (47:29)

Yeah, yeah, right. There was that too, but you balance it, and you balance it beautifully.

I went on social media and asked some of your fans of the show to send in questions, and I gotta let you go, but can we do a speed round where I just present you? Quick question, quick answer. So, ⁓ I don't know if you know.

Erica Dunbar (47:45)

Yes, ma'am.

Questions from Threads

Was there any pushback to include the story line in Black Elite (@mspackyetti)?

Sounds like no, because you've answered that. Fellows actually wanted to do this ⁓ from the beginning.

Q: What are the messages or lessons that ⁓ the Scott and Kirkland family storylines can teach Hollywood and even the whole country about including Black perspective throughout a production and not just on camera, but behind the camera and on several levels within the story? Quick answer.

Erica Dunbar (48:28)

I think that's a fantastic ⁓ question. And what I'll say is HBO got it right. And they understood that it can't come from one black writer in a writer's room, that it has to happen systemically. So there have to be historians, writers, producers, directors who are coming from, who have a back, not just that they're black, right? That's important. But that they have a...a portfolio and they're coming from a place that allows for a compelling story that's accurate and that is kind of beautifully woven into an American tapestry. And I think this should be the model going forward.

Michele Norris (49:39)

Love that.

She also wanted to know, are Mrs. Van Ryan and Mrs. Kirkland ever going to interact (@mspackyetti)?

Or can you say? You can't say. Okay. All right. Moving.

Someone who I don't know the name, but they're @the.book.lush wanted to know if you have book recommendations about black society in that area. You already mentioned Black Gotham.

You mentioned some of the books you use for research.

Is there a curriculum or is there a place where you might post some of that (@mspackyetti)?

Is that something you want to share with us and we can post and give people a syllabus if you want to learn more about that?

Erica Dunbar (50:16)

You know, that's a great question. No one has actually, not from the network at least, talked about a syllabus. Usually we do that as writers with our books and what have you. ⁓ So I haven't, I've been reading scripts, not thought about the syllabus.

Michele Norris (50:32)

Okay, well, we'll come back to you on that because we might, you know, might be able to just post something here and say what and if people want to find it, they can find it.

Was there was the criticism that Downton Abbey was perhaps too white, a reason that Julian Fellows wanted to incorporate a black storyline? Was this an answer to some of the critique that he received on Downton Abbey (@michelinemaynard)?

Erica Dunbar (50:56)

To my understanding, no. I think that he understood this is an American show. And to do a story, and I've said this in a couple of other interviews, that to do a story about New York in 19th century America and not have black people would just be like, false. So I think from the very...

Michele Norris (51:01)

Mm-hmm. But people have done it. It doesn't mean it hasn't been done.

Erica Dunbar (51:23)

Yeah, it would and and that is problematic and I think that ⁓ you know knowing that he wanted it to be something that ⁓ incorporated a black elite that existed. He also knew that you know he got support from people like me like Sonia Warfield who's writing with him and and Sally Richardson Whitfield. So I don't necessarily know, or at least I wasn't told that this was a response to critique. was presented to me as this is an American show and we want it to be authentic. And HBO is pretty good about when possible being as authentic as can be.

Michele Norris (52:19)

Okay, so a couple other quick round of questions.

With so many Broadway stars all over this cast, is there any talk of a fever dream episode with music (@fishermommy)?

Erica Dunbar (52:30)

Everybody wants that is what I'll say. Meaning all of the viewers want that. I think ⁓ I love the format we have now. If Julian was to decide to do something different, we'll see. But ⁓ I don't know. I kind of feel like everybody's sort of loving. It does, like everybody there can sing. Everybody, like, I don't even hum when I'm on set because.

Michele Norris (52:33)

Okay. Do they sing off set? Because we saw the wonderful video of people doing the line dance in costume, which was just so delicious. It made my day. But do people just break into song when the characters break? Yeah. We'd love to see. There should be some back content. I think that folks would really love to see that.

Would Peggy and her friends really have been invited to the Van Rijn house (@mich-haff)?

Erica Dunbar (53:09)

At the suffrage meeting. Okay. ⁓ Yes, the answer is yes. And we can trace that all the way back to, when we think about people like Harriet Tubman, who following the Civil War was very invested in things like suffrage, like ⁓ assisting the poor. And she frequently went, to white people's homes, white women's homes, and spoke or participated in talks to either raise awareness and sometimes money. So because of the relationship that Peggy has with Agnes, and once again, this is one of those moments where it's like people are like, well, they're really gonna have her up. And the answer is yes.

Would it be with frequency? You know, probably not. But it is not beyond the pale of ⁓ believability that that would happen, because it did.

Michele Norris (54:31)

Would the Kirklands likely have had staff and will we ever hear about them (@kimcutt)?

Erica Dunbar (54:48)

Well, see ⁓ we see two I think staff members well we see ⁓ their governess who ⁓ gets a chiding by ⁓ Elizabeth for allowing the children to be outside without an umbrella, right? And I believe we see a butler type. We don't have much interaction with him the way that we get to interact with Ellen, the ⁓ Scots ⁓ maid. But yes, most certainly they would have had staff. They did have staff. We tried to.

Michele Norris (55:22)

Mm-hmm. Will this storyline there that would might deepen in season four because I'm assuming there will be a season four?

Erica Dunbar (55:36)

Yes, we were renewed for season four. We were renewed!

Michele Norris (55:38)

Okay, another quick question. This from Tress409, I love people's names on the socials.

Is there a lighting issue or intentional darkening of Audra's character to give distinction between the families (@tressa409)?

Erica Dunbar (55:48)

No, I don't think there's a, I mean, here's the thing. ⁓ Lighting in the 19th century, remember this is right at the moment when electricity has sort of, not been invented, but there's a small commercial use for it, but very few people have electricity in their homes, right? So we're in rooms that are lit solely by. Candles or lanterns, gas lanterns, right? And so, you know, it is somewhat jarring that it appears like there's a darkness. But that was kind of specific to the time. There's a darkness in Agnes's house all the time, right? There's a darkness in ⁓ this house. They're old, I mean, because that's what you did, right?

Michele Norris (56:45)

Mm-hmm. And they're always coming to collect the lamps at the end of the day. is...

Erica Dunbar (56:53)

And I, but I will say this, think in, ⁓ we see Dorothy outside or in different ⁓ venues, there's more clarity, but there, no, there is no darkening of anybody. ⁓ It has everything to do with period lighting.

Michele Norris (57:10)

Okay, last question, and then you have to promise to come back because we didn't get through all the questions. And I'm certain that after next week's episode, people will have even more. So last question for now. Did Americans wear tiaras (@eapaquelet)?

Erica Dunbar (57:27)

Yeah, they were tiaras.

Yes, I mean the fancy ones?? The fancy ladies at ⁓ the balls and the galas, but, and I'm not sure the exact year that that sort of falls out of favor, but even until the 20th century, you could catch somebody with a tiara, know, at a gala or at, ⁓ you know, at sort of important event. And so, ⁓ you know, what's interesting is kind of the difference between what American culture versus British culture. we see more of that because of Gladys's move, right, to England. ⁓ so there'll be more of, of that back and forth.

Michele Norris (58:08)

Yeah. Yeah. \Where the rooms are also dark and big and they seem drafty to me even though I'm not even in them. Yes. Yes.

Erica Dunbar (58:16)

And coal and they got mice. And what I will say is Julian knows this better than anybody else, right? As someone who, ⁓ you know, is familiar with ⁓ British history.

Michele Norris (58:26)

Yeah. ⁓ Well, hats off to him. ⁓ And thank you so much for joining us. I have so many other questions, so we'll do this again because it was so much fun. I can't wait for the season finale. And I'm so glad, you know, I say this over and over and over again. I believe that history has an energy and it finds the right conservators. It finds the right people who will take care of it and push it forward and make sure that we can examine it and interrogate it. ⁓And understand it. And in this case, history found the right conservator in you. So thank you very much for all that you've shared with us and with the show. And we'll talk to you again. And for now, it's not goodbye. It's just so long. Until next time.

Erica Dunbar (59:15)

Thank you. Thank you so much.

Michele Norris (59:18)

Thank you.

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